Home Inspection Terms Glossary

A

• ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene): A type of rigid plastic pipe commonly used in plumbing systems for drain, waste, and vent lines due to its strength and durability.

• A/C: Abbreviation for air conditioning; a system that cools and dehumidifies indoor air for comfort.

• A/C Circuit: An electrical circuit dedicated to powering an air conditioning unit, designed to handle its specific load requirements.

• A/C Condenser: The outdoor component of an air conditioning system that releases heat absorbed from indoor air to the outside environment.

• A/C Disconnect: A safety switch that disconnects electrical power to the air conditioning unit, allowing for safe maintenance or emergency shutdowns.

• Absolute Humidity: The actual amount of water vapor present in the air, expressed in grams per cubic meter.

• Accelerator: An additive used in materials like concrete or plaster to speed up the curing or setting process.

• Access Panel: A removable cover that provides access to concealed areas of a building, such as plumbing, electrical components, or ductwork.

• Accessible: Describes areas or components that can be reached for inspection, maintenance, or repair without difficulty or the need for destructive measures.

• Accessibility: The design and arrangement of building features to enable use by individuals with disabilities, often following specific codes or guidelines.

• Acre: A unit of land area equal to 43,560 square feet.

• Acrylic: A type of plastic material used in construction for its durability and resistance to moisture, commonly found in paints, sealants, and fixtures like bathtubs.

• Activate: To start or initiate the operation of a device or system.

• Actual Dimension (Lumber): The true measured size of lumber after it has been planed and finished, which is typically less than its nominal or stated size.

• Adapter/Adaptor: A fitting used to connect two different types or sizes of pipes, conduits, or other components.

• Adhesion: The property that causes two different materials to stick together through surface attraction.

• Adhesive Failure: The loss of bond between two materials due to the breakdown of the adhesive layer.

• Adversely Affect: To have a negative impact on the performance, safety, or integrity of a building component or system.

• Aerator: A device attached to the end of a faucet that mixes air with the water flow, reducing water usage and controlling splash.

• Aggregate: Granular materials like sand, gravel, or crushed stone used in concrete mixes or as a base under foundations and pavements.

• Air Chamber: A section of pipe filled with air, installed in plumbing systems to absorb pressure surges and prevent water hammer.

• Air Duct: A passageway, typically made of sheet metal or flexible material, used to convey air from the HVAC system to different parts of a building.

• Air Filters: Components that remove particulates like dust and pollen from the air circulated by HVAC systems to improve indoor air quality.

• Air Infiltration: The unintended entry of outside air into a building through cracks, gaps, or openings, affecting energy efficiency and comfort.

• Air Space: A gap between building materials, such as walls or layers of insulation, providing thermal resistance or ventilation.

• Air-Dried Lumber: Wood that has been seasoned by exposure to air to reduce its moisture content before use.

• Airway: A ventilation passage within a building component, such as a roof assembly, allowing air circulation to prevent moisture buildup.

• Alarm System: An electronic system designed to detect and alert occupants to potential hazards like fire, intrusion, or gas leaks.

• Algae: Simple plants that can grow on moist surfaces, such as roofs or siding, often appearing as green or black discoloration.

• Alligatoring: A pattern of cracks on a painted or coated surface resembling alligator skin, usually caused by aging or improper application.

• Allowable Span: The maximum distance a structural member like a joist or beam can span between supports without compromising structural integrity.

• Allowance(s): A budgeted amount in a construction contract allocated for specific items not yet selected, like fixtures or finishes.

• Aluminum Wire: Electrical wiring made from aluminum; while lighter and less expensive than copper, it requires special installation methods due to safety concerns.

• Amortization: The process of paying off a loan over time through regular payments that cover both principal and interest.

• Ampacity: The maximum electrical current a conductor or device can carry safely without overheating, measured in amperes.

• Amperage/Amps (Amperes): The unit of measurement for electrical current, indicating the flow rate of electricity in a circuit.

• Anchor Bolts: Bolts embedded in concrete or masonry to secure structural elements like sill plates to a foundation.

• Angle Iron: A piece of structural steel bent into an L-shape, used to support or reinforce structures.

• Angle Stop: A valve installed at plumbing fixtures to control water flow to the fixture, allowing for repairs without shutting off the main supply.

• Annealing: A heat treatment process applied to metals or glass to reduce hardness, increase ductility, and relieve internal stresses.

• Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The annual rate charged for borrowing, reflecting the total cost of a loan including interest and fees.

• Anti-Scald: A feature in plumbing fixtures that limits maximum water temperature to prevent burns from hot water.

• Anti-Siphon: A device or valve that prevents the reverse flow of water from a plumbing fixture back into the potable water supply.

• Anti-Walk Blocks: Supports used in construction to prevent movement or shifting of structural components during installation.

• Antiquated: Describes building components or systems that are outdated and may not meet current standards or codes.

• APA Plywood: Plywood certified by the Engineered Wood Association (APA) for meeting specific performance standards.

• Aperture: An opening or hole in a structure, such as a window, door, or vent.

• Appliance: A device or equipment designed for a specific function in a home, such as cooking, heating, or refrigeration.

• Appraisal: A professional assessment of a property's market value, typically conducted by a licensed appraiser.

• Approach: The method or pathway leading to a building or component, or a technique used in inspection or repair.

• Apron: A flat piece of trim beneath a window sill or countertop edge, providing a finished appearance.

• Arbitration Service: An alternative dispute resolution process where a neutral third party resolves conflicts outside of court.

• Architect: A licensed professional who designs buildings and often oversees their construction to ensure compliance with plans and codes.

• Architect's Rule (Ruler): A specialized measuring tool with multiple scales used by architects and designers for drafting and scaling drawings.

• Architectural Service: Professional services provided by an architect, including design, planning, and project management.

• Area Wells: Excavated areas around basement windows that allow light and ventilation, often lined with retaining walls for safety.

• Areaway: An outdoor space, typically below ground level, providing access or light to a basement or cellar.

• Asbestos: A fibrous mineral once widely used in building materials for insulation and fire resistance, now recognized as a health hazard when fibers are inhaled.

• Asphalt: A sticky, black petroleum-based material used in roofing shingles and paving for its waterproofing properties.

• Asphalt Plastic Cement: A waterproof adhesive used in roofing to seal joints, flashings, and minor repairs.

• Assessment: A charge or levy placed on property owners, often by a governing body or association, to fund specific projects or services.

• Associate Member: A category of membership in professional organizations for individuals who are working towards full qualifications or certification.

• Astragal: A vertical molding attached to one of a pair of doors to cover the gap between them when closed, enhancing security and weather resistance.

• Attic Access: An opening, such as a hatch or door, that allows entry into the attic space for inspection or maintenance purposes.

• Attic Ventilators: Devices like vents or fans installed in an attic to facilitate airflow, reducing heat and moisture accumulation.

• Auger: A tool with a helical bit used for boring holes in wood, soil, or other materials.

• Awning Window: A window hinged at the top that swings outward from the bottom, allowing for ventilation while shedding rain away from the opening.

B

• Back Nailing: The practice of nailing the back side of roofing materials or siding to secure them without exposing nails on the surface.

• Backfill: Material used to refill an excavation around foundations or trenches, providing support and drainage.

• Backflow: The undesirable reversal of flow in a plumbing system, potentially causing contamination of the potable water supply.

• Backflow Preventer: A device installed in plumbing systems to prevent backflow and protect against contamination.

• Backhand: A technique in plastering or troweling where material is applied in a backward motion.

• Backhoe: Heavy excavation equipment with a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm, used for digging trenches and holes.

• Backout: The process of removing nails or fasteners from lumber, often when disassembling or adjusting framing.

• Backsplash: A protective vertical surface at the back of a countertop or sink that prevents water and debris from damaging the wall.

• Balancing Damper: An adjustable device in ductwork used to regulate airflow and balance heating or cooling distribution within a building.

• Balloon Framing: A construction method where long, continuous framing members (studs) run from the sill plate to the roof eave line, with floor joists attached to the studs.

• Balusters: Vertical posts or spindles that support a handrail on stairs or balconies, contributing to safety and aesthetics.

• Balustrade: The complete assembly of a handrail, balusters, and posts along a staircase or balcony edge.

• Barge: The overhanging edge of a gable roof extending beyond the end wall.

• Barge Board: Decorative boards attached to the projecting end of a gable roof to conceal and protect the roof timbers.

• Barrel Roof: A roof design featuring a continuous, smooth curve, resembling the shape of a barrel cut lengthwise.

• Base Flashing: The portion of the flashing attached to or resting on the roof deck, directing water away from areas where the roof meets vertical surfaces.

• Base Molding: Decorative trim installed where the wall meets the floor, covering gaps and providing a finished appearance.

• Base Ply: The initial layer in a built-up roofing system, providing a foundation for additional layers.

• Base Shoe: A thin molding installed at the bottom of baseboards to cover the joint between the baseboard and the floor.

• Baseboard: A board running along the bottom of an interior wall to cover the joint between the wall surface and the floor.

• Baseboard Heat: A type of heating system where heating elements are located along the baseboards, often using hot water or electricity.

• Basement Window Inserts: Replacement windows designed specifically for basement openings, improving insulation and security.

• Basket Strainer: A perforated insert placed in a sink drain to catch food particles and debris while allowing water to drain.

• Batt Insulation: Flexible, fibrous insulation material, typically made of fiberglass or mineral wool, designed to fit snugly between framing members.

• Batten: A narrow strip of wood or metal used to cover seams between boards or panels, commonly used in board-and-batten siding.

• Batten Plate: A flat metal piece used in roofing or cladding to secure battens and seal joints.

• Batter Board: Temporary horizontal boards attached to stakes at the corners of an excavation, used to mark building lines and elevations.

• Batter Boards: A system of batter boards set up around a construction site to guide the excavation and foundation layout.

• Bay Window: A window structure that projects outward from the main walls of a building, creating additional interior space and allowing more light and panoramic views.

• Bead: A narrow strip of material or a line of sealant used to fill joints or gaps between building components for finishing or sealing purposes.

• Beam: A horizontal structural element that supports loads from above, such as floors or roofs, and transfers them to vertical supports like walls or columns.

• Bearing Header: A horizontal structural member placed over openings like doors or windows, designed to support the load from above and transfer it to the sides of the opening.

• Bearing Partition: An interior wall that carries vertical structural loads from floors or roofs above down to the foundation or supporting structure.

• Bearing Point: A location where structural loads are transferred from one element to another, such as where a beam rests on a column.

• Bearing Wall: A wall that supports weight from the structures above it, including floors and roofs, and transfers the load to the foundation.

• Bed Molding: Decorative trim installed where walls meet ceilings or under the overhang of a roof, often featuring a concave profile.

• Bed or Bedding: The layer of mortar or adhesive on which bricks, tiles, or stones are set during construction.

• Bedrock: The solid rock layer beneath soil or loose material; foundations may be anchored to bedrock for stability.

• Bell Reducer: A plumbing fitting shaped like a bell, used to connect pipes of different diameters, expanding or reducing flow.

• Below Grade: Refers to any portion of a building that is below ground level, such as basements or cellars.

• Bent Glass: Glass that has been heated and molded into a curved shape for architectural features like curved windows or doors.

• Bevel: An angled surface or edge that is not perpendicular to the faces of a material, commonly used in carpentry and masonry.

• Bevel Siding: Exterior wood siding cut at an angle to overlap in a way that sheds water, with the thicker edge at the bottom.

• Bid: A formal proposal by a contractor offering to perform work at a specified price based on project plans and specifications.

• Bid Bond: A type of surety bond that provides financial assurance that a bidder will honor their bid and execute a contract if awarded.

• Bid Documents: The collection of documents provided to contractors outlining the scope, specifications, and terms for submitting a bid.

• Bid Security: A financial guarantee submitted with a bid, ensuring the bidder will not withdraw or alter their bid within a specified period.

• Bid Shopping: An unethical practice where a contractor discloses subcontractor bids to others to obtain lower prices.

• Bidding Requirements: The instructions and criteria outlined for submitting a valid bid on a project, including deadlines and procedures.

• Bifold Door: A door composed of two panels hinged together that fold onto themselves when opened, often used for closets.

• Binder: A preliminary agreement or deposit in real estate transactions indicating serious intent until a formal contract is signed.

• Bypass Doors: Sliding doors that move along parallel tracks, allowing them to slide past each other, commonly used for closets.

• Bird's-Mouth Cut: A notch cut into a rafter where it rests on the top plate of a wall, ensuring a secure fit and proper roof alignment.

• Bite: In glazing, the portion of the glass edge that is covered by the frame or sash to hold it securely in place.

• Bitumen: A black, sticky substance used in roofing and paving materials for waterproofing, such as asphalt or tar.

• Blankets: Rolls or batts of insulation material, like fiberglass, designed to fit between framing members to reduce heat transfer.

• Bleeding: The migration of a substance (e.g., pigments or resins) to the surface of a material, which can cause discoloration or staining.

• Blind Nailing: A method of nailing where the nails are concealed by the subsequent layer of material, providing a cleaner appearance.

• Blind Stop: A strip of wood attached to a window frame that prevents the sash from moving beyond a certain point.

• Blister: A bubble or raised area on a surface caused by moisture or gases trapped under paint, roofing, or other coatings.

• Block Out: Leaving a void or space in concrete or masonry to accommodate future installations like ducts or pipes.

• Blocked (Door Blocking): Additional framing installed within walls to provide a solid anchoring point for doors, fixtures, or hardware.

• Blocked (Rafters): Short pieces of lumber placed between rafters to maintain spacing and provide structural support.

• Blocking: The use of short pieces of lumber within framing to reinforce structures, attach fixtures, or prevent movement.

• Blow Insulation: Loose-fill insulation material that is blown into spaces using special equipment to improve thermal performance.

• Blueprints: Detailed architectural or engineering drawings used as a guide for construction, showing dimensions and specifications.

• Blue Stain: A discoloration in wood caused by certain fungi, affecting aesthetics but typically not structural integrity.

• Blue Stake: A utility marking service that identifies the location of underground utilities before excavation to prevent damage.

• Board and Batten: A siding style featuring wide vertical boards with narrower strips (battens) covering the joints between them.

• Board Foot: A unit of measure for lumber volume, equal to a piece of wood 12 inches long, 12 inches wide, and 1 inch thick.

• Boards: Flat pieces of lumber used in construction, available in various sizes and typically used for framing or sheathing.

• Bodied Linseed Oil: Linseed oil that has been thickened through heating or chemical processes, used as a wood finish or in paints.

• Boiled Linseed Oil: Linseed oil treated to accelerate drying time, used as a wood preservative or finish.

• Bolster: A horizontal support member used to provide additional strength or to spread loads over a wider area.

• Bond Breaker: A material applied between surfaces to prevent them from bonding together, allowing for movement or separation.

• Bond or Bonding: The adhesion between materials, such as mortar bonding bricks, or in electrical work, connecting components to ensure conductivity.

• Bond Plaster: A type of plaster designed to adhere to smooth surfaces or to bond new plaster to old plaster.

• Bonding Strip (Electrical): A conductor used to connect metal components of an electrical system to ensure grounding and safety.

• Boom: The extendable arm of a crane or similar equipment used to lift or move materials at a construction site.

• Boston Ridge: A method of finishing a roof ridge with overlapping shingles or rolls to provide weather protection and aesthetic appeal.

• Bottom Chord: The lower horizontal member of a truss that carries ceiling loads and resists tension forces.

• Bottom Plate: The lowest horizontal framing member of a wall upon which the wall studs rest, also known as the sole plate.

• Bow: A deviation from straightness in a structural element, such as a wall or beam, which can affect structural integrity.

• Box Cornice: An enclosed roof overhang where the soffit and fascia meet at the eaves, forming a boxed appearance.

• Brace: A diagonal support used in framing to strengthen structures and prevent lateral movement or racking.

• Bracing: The system of braces installed to reinforce structural elements against forces like wind or seismic activity.

• Brake Metal: Sheet metal that has been bent or shaped using a brake press, often used for custom flashing or trim work.

• Branch Circuit (Electrical): A portion of an electrical wiring system that extends from the final overcurrent device to outlets and fixtures.

• Breaker Box: Also known as a distribution panel; contains circuit breakers that control and protect electrical circuits in a building.

• Breaker Panel: The main panel that houses circuit breakers, distributing electricity to various circuits within a structure.

• Breeze Way: A roofed, open passage connecting two structures, allowing for ventilation and shelter from the elements.

• Brick Ledge: A horizontal projection on a foundation wall designed to support the weight of brick or stone veneer.

• Brick Lintel: A structural element, typically made of steel or reinforced concrete, that spans an opening in brickwork to support the load above.

• Brick Mold: The exterior trim around a window or door that provides a finished edge and a surface for brick or siding to abut.

• Brick Tie: A metal strip or wire used to anchor brick veneer to the structural framing, ensuring stability and alignment.

• Brick Veneer: A layer of brick attached to the exterior of a building for aesthetic purposes, not contributing to structural support.

• Bridging: Short pieces of wood or metal placed between joists or rafters to maintain spacing and distribute loads.

• Broker: An individual or firm that acts as an intermediary between buyers and sellers, often in real estate or finance.

• Browncoat: The second layer of plaster in a three-coat plaster system, applied over the scratch coat to even out the surface.

• BTU: British Thermal Unit; a unit of measurement for heat energy, representing the amount needed to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.

• Bubbling: The formation of bubbles under a paint or coating surface due to moisture, heat, or improper application.

• Buck: A rough frame or subframe installed in a wall opening to support and anchor windows or doors.

• Buckling: The sudden bending or warping of a structural member under compressive stress, potentially leading to failure.

• Builder's Risk Insurance: A type of insurance policy that covers buildings under construction against damage from fire, theft, or other perils.

• Building Brick: Bricks used in construction that meet specific standards for strength and durability, suitable for load-bearing walls.

• Building Code: A set of regulations governing the design, construction, alteration, and maintenance of structures to ensure safety and health standards.

• Building Paper: A heavy, durable paper used as a moisture barrier under siding or roofing materials.

• Building Permit: An official document issued by a local government authority allowing construction or renovation work to proceed.

• Built-Up Beam (or Girder): A structural beam composed of multiple layers of material fastened together to achieve desired strength.

• Built-Up Roof: A roofing system consisting of multiple layers of bitumen and reinforcing fabrics, topped with aggregate or coating.

• Bull Nose (Drywall): Rounded corner bead used in drywall installation to create smooth, curved edges at corners.

• Bullfloat: A tool with a flat surface used to smooth and level fresh concrete after it has been screeded.

• Bundle: A packaged group of materials, such as shingles or insulation, bundled for ease of handling and installation.

• Bushing: A sleeve or lining inserted into a hole to reduce friction or wear between moving parts, or to adapt different sizes.

• Butt Glazing: A method of installing glass where the edges meet without mullions, creating a seamless appearance with sealant in the joints.

• Butt Joint: A simple joint where two pieces of material are placed together end-to-end or edge-to-edge without overlapping.

• Butterfly Roof: A roof design featuring two adjacent surfaces that slope inward toward the center, resembling butterfly wings.

• Buttering: The process of applying mortar or adhesive to the edges of bricks, blocks, or tiles before setting them in place.

• Buy Down: A financing arrangement where the borrower pays an upfront fee to reduce the interest rate and monthly payments on a loan.

• BX Cable: An older type of armored electrical cable with a flexible metal sheath, used for wiring in buildings.

C

• Camber Arch: An arch with a slight upward curve, designed to distribute weight more evenly and prevent sagging in structures like doorways or bridges.

• Camber Beam: A beam that is intentionally arched or curved upward to counteract deflection under load, ensuring it remains level when supporting weight.

• Camber Windows: Windows featuring a slight arch at the top, adding architectural interest and helping to distribute structural loads.

• Candidate: An individual in the process of fulfilling requirements to become a certified professional, such as a home inspector trainee working toward full accreditation.

• Canopy: A projecting roof or covering structure that provides protection from weather elements over doors, windows, or walkways.

• Cant Strip: A triangular-shaped piece installed at the junction of a flat roof and a vertical surface, allowing roofing materials to bend smoothly and prevent cracking.

• Cantilever: A projecting structural element anchored only at one end, like a balcony or overhang, that extends beyond its support without additional bracing.

• Cantilevered Void: The open space beneath a cantilevered structure, such as the area under a balcony that is unsupported from below.

• Cap: A protective or finishing top layer on structures like chimneys, walls, or fences to prevent water ingress and provide a finished look.

• Cap Flashing: A piece of metal or waterproof material placed over other flashing or exposed areas to prevent water penetration into the building envelope.

• Cap Sheet: The top layer in a built-up roofing system, often made of asphalt and mineral granules, providing weather resistance and UV protection.

• Cap Sheets: Multiple layers of cap sheets used in roofing to enhance durability and extend the lifespan of the roof.

• Cape Chisel: A masonry tool with a narrow blade used to cut grooves or channels in stone or brickwork.

• Capital: In architecture, the decorative top part of a column or pillar that supports the load of the structure above.

• Capital and Interest: Terms referring to the principal amount of a loan (capital) and the cost of borrowing that amount (interest), both of which are repaid over time.

• Capped Rate: An interest rate on a loan that cannot exceed a predetermined maximum, offering borrowers protection against rising rates.

• Carbon Monoxide: A colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas produced by incomplete combustion of fuels, necessitating detectors in homes for safety.

• Casement Frames and Sash: The components of a casement window, where the frame holds the sash—the part that swings open like a door.

• Casement Window: A window hinged on the side, allowing it to swing outward or inward for ventilation, often operated with a crank.

• Casing: The decorative molding or trim surrounding the frame of doors and windows, covering the gap between the frame and wall.

• Cast Iron: A durable, heavy metal commonly used in older plumbing systems and architectural elements due to its strength and longevity.

• Cast-Iron Pipe (Plumbing): Sturdy pipes made from cast iron, traditionally used for sewer lines and drainage due to their durability and noise-reducing properties.

• Cat's Paw: A hand tool with a curved, pointed end used by carpenters to dig into wood and remove embedded nails.

• Catch Basin: A receptacle designed to collect and drain surface water runoff, preventing debris from entering drainage systems.

• Caulk: A flexible material used to seal joints or gaps between building materials to prevent air and water infiltration.

• Caulking: The process of applying caulk to seams, joints, or cracks in a structure to enhance insulation and prevent moisture entry.

• CCA (Chromated Copper Arsenate): A chemical compound formerly used to treat lumber, making it resistant to rot and insect damage; its use is now restricted due to health concerns.

• Ceiling Joist: Horizontal structural members that support the weight of the ceiling and may also contribute to supporting the roof or floor above.

• Cells (Masonry): The hollow spaces within concrete masonry units (blocks) that can be filled with grout or reinforcement for added strength.

• Cellulose Insulation: An eco-friendly insulation material made from recycled paper products, treated to be fire-retardant and pest-resistant.

• Celotex™: A brand name for fiberboard products used in construction for insulation and soundproofing applications.

• Cement: A binding agent, typically Portland cement, used in concrete, mortar, and grout to hold building materials together.

• Cement Mixtures: Combinations of cement, sand, gravel, and water used to create concrete or mortar for various construction purposes.

• Centerset: A type of faucet configuration where the handles and spout are combined on a single base, fitting sinks with three holes spaced four inches apart.

• Ceramic Disk Valve: A durable faucet valve mechanism that uses ceramic disks to control water flow, known for its longevity and resistance to leaks.

• Ceramic Tile: Tiles made from clay and kiln-fired, used as durable and water-resistant surfaces for floors, walls, and countertops.

• Certificate of Occupancy: An official document issued by local authorities certifying that a building complies with building codes and is safe for occupancy.

• Certified: Having met the official requirements and standards set by a governing body or professional association in a specific field.

• CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute): A measurement of airflow volume indicating how many cubic feet of air pass a given point in one minute, important for HVAC performance.

• Chair Rail: A horizontal molding installed on interior walls, typically around 32 inches from the floor, used for decorative purposes and to protect walls from chair backs.

• Chalk Line: A tool used to mark straight lines on surfaces by snapping a taut string coated with chalk powder.

• Change Order: A written agreement to alter, add, or remove work from the original construction contract, often affecting cost and schedule.

• Channel Glazing: A method of securing glass panes using U-shaped channels instead of traditional frames, allowing for a frameless appearance.

• Chapter: A local branch of a national or international professional organization, providing resources and support to members in a specific area.

• Chase: A recessed area or enclosed vertical space within a building designed to house pipes, ducts, or wiring systems.

• Checking: Cracks that develop along the grain of wood as it dries and shrinks, potentially affecting structural integrity.

• Checkrails: The horizontal rails on a double-hung window where the upper and lower sashes meet and can be locked together.

• Chemical Injection Grouting: A technique where chemicals are injected into soil or voids to stabilize foundations, control water flow, or fill gaps.

• Chink: Material used to seal gaps between logs in log cabin construction, providing insulation and preventing air leakage.

• Chip Board: An engineered wood product made from wood chips and resin, compressed into sheets; also known as particleboard.

• Circuit: A complete electrical loop through which current can flow, consisting of a power source, conductors, and a load.

• Circuit Breaker: An automatic electrical switch that interrupts current flow in a circuit as a safety measure when overloads or short circuits occur.

• Cistern: A storage tank for collecting and holding water, often rainwater, for use in irrigation or as a backup water supply.

• Class "A" Fire Resistance: The highest rating for roofing materials, indicating excellent resistance to fire exposure.

• Class "B" Fire Resistance: A moderate fire-resistance rating for roofing materials, suitable for areas with some fire risk.

• Class "C" Fire Resistance: The minimum fire-resistance rating for roofing materials, offering basic protection.

• Class B Door: A fire-rated door designed to prevent the spread of fire for a specified duration, commonly used in commercial buildings.

• Cleanout: An access point in plumbing systems that allows for the insertion of tools to clear blockages in drain pipes.

• Cleanout (Plumbing): A fitting with a removable cap, providing access to sewer lines for cleaning and maintenance.

• Cleat: A small piece of wood or metal used to support or reinforce components, such as securing roofing materials or guiding ropes.

• Clip Ties: Temporary fasteners used in concrete formwork to hold forms together during pouring and easily removed afterward.

• Closed Cut Valley: A roofing technique where shingles from one side extend across the valley and are trimmed to create a straight line down the valley center.

• Closet Auger: A specialized plumbing tool used to clear obstructions from toilets, featuring a flexible cable and a curved end.

• Closet Bend: A curved section of drainpipe connecting a toilet to the main waste line, facilitating proper drainage.

• Closet Bolts: Bolts that secure the toilet base to the floor flange, ensuring stability and proper alignment.

• Closet Flange: A plumbing fitting that anchors the toilet to the floor and connects it to the drainpipe.

• CO: The chemical symbol for carbon monoxide, a hazardous gas produced by burning fuels without sufficient oxygen.

• Coal Tar: A viscous liquid obtained from coal processing, used in roofing and waterproofing for its protective qualities.

• Coal Tar Pitch: A thick, sticky substance derived from coal tar, used in industrial applications like roofing and paving.

• Code of Ethics: A set of principles and guidelines that outline professional conduct and responsibilities within an industry.

• Cohesive Failure: A type of failure where a material breaks within itself rather than at the bond with another material.

• Cold Air Return: Ductwork that carries cooler air back to a heating system for reheating, essential for proper air circulation.

• Cold Applied: Referring to materials like roofing adhesives that can be applied without heating, simplifying installation.

• Cold Patch: An asphalt mix used to repair cracks and potholes in pavement without the need for heating.

• Cold Process Adhesive: A roofing adhesive that can be applied at ambient temperatures, eliminating the need for hot kettles.

• Cold-Method or Lap Cement: An adhesive used for sealing overlaps in roofing materials, applied without heat.

• Collar: A metal ring or flashing used around roof penetrations like pipes to prevent water leaks.

• Collar Beam: A horizontal beam connecting two opposing roof rafters, providing additional support and rigidity.

• Collar Tie: A horizontal member in roof framing that connects opposing rafters, helping to resist outward forces on the walls.

• Column: A vertical structural element that supports weight from above and transfers it to the foundation.

• Combination Doors or Windows: Units that incorporate features like screens and storm protection within a single frame for versatility.

• Combustion Air: The air required for fuel combustion in appliances like furnaces and water heaters, often supplied through vents or ducts.

• Combustion Chamber: The area within a furnace or boiler where fuel is burned to produce heat.

• Common Rafter: A standard rafter extending from the top of the wall plate to the ridge board in roof construction.

• Compatible: Materials or systems that can function together without negative reactions or reduced performance.

• Component: An individual part of a larger system or structure, such as a furnace component or a section of a roof.

• Composite Board: An engineered wood product made by combining wood fibers with resin, used for decking, siding, or trim.

• Compression Fitting: A plumbing fitting that creates a seal by compressing a ring (ferrule) onto a pipe when tightened.

• Compression Gasket: A sealing material that compresses between two surfaces to prevent leaks, commonly used in plumbing fixtures.

• Compression Set: The degree to which a compressed material fails to return to its original thickness after the load is removed.

• Compression Valve: A valve type in faucets where water flow is controlled by tightening or loosening a washer onto a valve seat.

• Compression Web: In a truss, the internal members that are under compression, helping to transfer loads efficiently.

• Compressor: The part of an air conditioning system that pressurizes refrigerant, enabling it to absorb and release heat.

• Concealed Nail Method: A technique where nails are hidden under overlapping materials, such as in siding or roofing, for a cleaner look.

• Concrete Block: A rectangular masonry unit made of concrete, used in construction for walls and foundations.

• Concrete Board: A rigid panel made of cement and reinforcing fibers, used as a substrate for tile in wet areas.

• Concrete Board or Wonderboard™: Brand names for cementitious backer boards used behind tile installations to provide a stable, moisture-resistant surface.

• Concrete Grout: A flowable mixture of cement, sand, and water used to fill cavities or secure anchor bolts in masonry construction.

• Concrete Plain: Concrete without reinforcement, used in applications where tensile strength is not a primary concern.

• Condensate Line: A drain pipe that carries away condensation produced by HVAC systems or high-efficiency furnaces.

• Condensation: The process where water vapor in the air turns into liquid water upon contacting a cooler surface. In homes, this often appears on windows or walls and can lead to moisture problems if not addressed.

• Condensing Unit: The outdoor component of an air conditioning system that releases heat absorbed from indoors. It typically contains the compressor, condenser coil, and a fan.

• Condition: The state or quality of a building component at the time of inspection, such as new, good, fair, or poor.

• Conditions, Covenants, and Restrictions (CC&Rs): Legal documents outlining the rules and regulations for properties within a homeowners' association or community, including guidelines on property use and maintenance.

• Conduction: The transfer of heat or electricity through a material due to temperature difference or voltage, without the movement of the material itself.

• Conductivity: A measure of a material's ability to conduct heat or electricity. High conductivity means heat or electricity passes through easily.

• Conductor: A material that permits the flow of electrical current or heat. In electrical systems, conductors are typically wires made of copper or aluminum.

• Conductor (Electrical): A wire or cable that carries electrical current within a building's electrical system.

• Conduit: A protective tube, often made of metal or plastic, used to encase and protect electrical wires or cables.

• Conduit (Electrical): Tubing specifically designed to house and protect electrical wiring, providing mechanical protection and sometimes grounding.

• Console Lavatory: A type of bathroom sink that is mounted on legs or brackets, resembling a table, combining functionality with aesthetic appeal.

• Construction Adhesive: A strong, durable glue used to bond building materials like wood, metal, or plastic, enhancing structural integrity.

• Construction Contract: A legally binding agreement between a contractor and client that outlines the scope of work, costs, timeline, and responsibilities for a construction project.

• Construction Drywall: Standard gypsum board used for constructing interior walls and ceilings, providing a smooth surface for painting or finishing.

• Construction Frame: The structural skeleton of a building, including studs, joists, beams, and rafters, that supports the overall structure.

• Construction Loan: A short-term loan used to finance the building of a home or property, typically converted to a mortgage upon completion.

• Continuing Education: Ongoing training and education that professionals undertake to maintain licensure or certification and stay current with industry standards.

• Continuity Tester: An electrical tool used to check if a circuit or component is complete, ensuring proper connections and functionality.

• Contractor: A professional or company hired to perform construction work, responsible for completing projects according to agreed-upon plans and codes.

• Control Joint: A planned gap or joint in concrete or masonry structures designed to manage cracking by allowing controlled movement.

• Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids or gases, such as warm air rising and circulating within a room.

• Conventional Loan: A mortgage not insured or guaranteed by a government agency, typically requiring higher credit qualifications.

• Convertibility: The feature of a loan or financial instrument that allows it to be changed to another form, such as converting an adjustable-rate mortgage to a fixed-rate mortgage.

• Cooling Load: The amount of cooling required to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, influenced by factors like insulation and heat sources.

• Cooling Tower: A structure that removes heat from water used in cooling systems by evaporative cooling, commonly used in commercial HVAC systems.

• Coped: Shaped or cut to fit the contour of an adjoining piece, commonly used in carpentry to create tight-fitting joints.

• Coped Joint: A carpentry joint where one molding is cut to match the profile of another, allowing for a seamless fit at corners.

• Coping: The protective cap or covering on top of a wall, parapet, or chimney designed to shed water and prevent moisture penetration.

• Coping Joint: A joint where the end of one piece is shaped to fit over another, often used in trim work to create smooth transitions.

• Copper Pipe Types: Different grades of copper piping used in plumbing, such as Type K (thickest walls), Type L (medium thickness), and Type M (thinner walls), each suited for specific applications.

• Corbel: A structural piece jutting out from a wall to support weight above, like a bracket under a balcony or beam.

• Corbel Out: The method of extending masonry outward by incrementally projecting courses to create support or decorative features.

• Core: The central part of a material or assembly, such as the inner layer of a door or the center of a structural panel.

• Corner Bead: A metal or plastic strip applied to drywall corners to create a straight, durable edge resistant to damage.

• Corner Boards: Exterior trim boards placed at the corners of a building to provide a finished appearance and seal the siding edges.

• Corner Braces: Diagonal supports added to framing at corners to enhance stability and prevent movement.

• Cornerite: Reinforcement material used in plaster or stucco work at corners to strengthen and maintain straight edges.

• Cornice: Decorative molding found at the intersection between walls and ceilings or along the eaves of a roof.

• Cornice Return: The horizontal portion of a cornice at the end of a gable roof, returning back to the building to complete the molding detail.

• Corrosion: The gradual deterioration of metal due to chemical reactions with environmental elements like moisture, leading to rust and weakening.

• Corrugated: Shaped into alternating ridges and grooves to increase strength and rigidity, commonly used in metal roofing and siding.

• Cost Breakdown: An itemized list detailing the expenses associated with each part of a construction project.

• Cost Plus Contract: A construction agreement where the client pays for all project costs plus an additional fee or percentage for the contractor's profit.

• Counter Flashing: Metal or other material installed over base flashing to prevent water from entering at roof intersections or penetrations.

• Counterfort: A support structure built on the backside of a retaining wall to reinforce and resist soil pressure.

• Coupling: A plumbing fitting used to connect two pieces of pipe of the same diameter in a straight line.

• Course: A single horizontal layer of bricks, stones, or shingles in a wall or roof.

• Cove Molding: A concave-shaped trim used where walls meet ceilings or floors, providing a decorative transition.

• Covenants: Legally binding agreements or promises in property deeds that dictate certain uses or restrictions on the property.

• Coverage: The area or extent that a material or product can effectively cover, such as paint or roofing material per unit.

• CPVC: Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride; a type of plastic piping used for hot and cold water lines due to its high-temperature tolerance.

• CPVC (Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride): A thermoplastic material used for plumbing pipes that can handle higher temperatures than standard PVC.

• Crater: A small depression or pit on a surface, which can occur in coatings or materials due to improper application or curing.

• Crawl Space: A shallow, unfinished space beneath the first floor of a building, allowing access to wiring, plumbing, and other utilities.

• Crawlspace: Another term for crawl space; the area under a house between the ground and the first floor.

• Crazing: A network of fine cracks on the surface of materials like concrete or ceramics, often due to shrinkage or thermal stress.

• Credit Rating: An assessment of an individual's or organization's creditworthiness, influencing their ability to obtain loans.

• Cricket: A small, peaked roof structure built on the uphill side of a chimney or roof penetration to divert water around it.

• Cripple Stud: A short vertical framing member placed above or below openings like windows or doors to support structural loads.

• Cripple Walls: Short walls between the foundation and the first-floor framing, providing support and crawl space height; susceptible to seismic damage if not properly braced.

• Crock: A pit or container, often in a basement or crawl space, designed to collect water, sometimes housing a sump pump.

• Cross Tee: In a suspended ceiling system, the secondary grid members that intersect with main runners to support ceiling tiles.

• Cross-Bridging: Diagonal bracing between floor joists to distribute loads and prevent movement or twisting.

• Crosscutting: Cutting across the grain of wood, as opposed to ripping, which cuts along the grain.

• Crown Molding: Ornamental molding installed at the intersection of walls and ceilings, enhancing interior aesthetics.

• Culvert: A pipe or channel that allows water to pass under a road, driveway, or embankment, preventing flooding and erosion.

• Cupola: A small, dome-like structure on top of a roof, often used for ventilation or as a decorative feature.

• Cupping: A warping condition where the edges of a board or flooring plank curl upward or downward, typically due to moisture imbalance.

• Curb: A raised edge or boundary, such as along a street or around a rooftop opening, to contain or divert water.

• Curb Roof: A roof design with a change in pitch or slope, creating a more complex shape like a mansard or gambrel roof.

• Curing: The process of maintaining appropriate moisture and temperature conditions to allow concrete, mortar, or coatings to reach optimal strength.

• Curing (Paint): The period during which paint or coating undergoes chemical reactions to achieve full hardness and durability after application.

• Curing Agent: A substance added to a material, such as epoxy, to initiate or accelerate the hardening process.

• Curtain Drain: An underground drainage system designed to intercept and redirect groundwater away from a building's foundation.

• Curtain Wall: An exterior wall that does not support any of the building's weight, often made of glass and metal, attached to the structural frame.

• Cut Off: To stop the flow of electricity, water, or gas; in construction, to sever or remove a portion of material.

• Cut-In Brace: Diagonal bracing installed between framing members to reinforce walls or prevent racking.

• Cutback: An asphalt material used as a primer or coating in roofing, thinned with solvents for easier application.

• Cutoff Valves: Valves installed in plumbing systems to control the flow of water to specific fixtures or areas, allowing for isolation during repairs.

D

• Dado: A groove cut into a piece of wood across the grain, used to receive the edge of another piece, commonly in shelving or cabinetry.

• Damper: A device in ducts or chimneys that can open or close to regulate airflow, temperature, or combustion.

• Dampproofing: The application of materials to prevent moisture penetration into walls or foundations, typically used below grade.

• Darby: A long, flat tool used in plastering or concrete work to level and smooth surfaces.

• De-Humidistat: A control device that measures humidity levels and activates ventilation or dehumidification systems when levels exceed a set point.

• Dead Load: The constant weight of a structure itself, including all permanent components like walls, floors, roofs, and fixed equipment.

• Decay: The deterioration of wood or organic materials caused by fungi, resulting in loss of structural integrity.

• Deck: A flat, elevated outdoor floor attached to a building, usually made of wood or composite materials, used for recreation or access.

• Deck Paint: Specialized paint formulated to withstand foot traffic and weather conditions on outdoor decks.

• Decorative: Elements added to enhance aesthetic appeal without necessarily serving a structural or functional purpose.

• Deflect: To bend or deform under load; excessive deflection in structural members can indicate potential issues.

• Deflection: The degree to which a structural element bends under load, measured to ensure it remains within safe limits.

• Density: The mass of a material per unit volume, affecting strength, insulation properties, and sound transmission.

• Describe: To provide detailed observations about a component or system during an inspection, noting condition and any issues.

• Design Pressure: The maximum wind or environmental pressure a building component is engineered to withstand without failure.

• Designer: A professional responsible for planning and creating designs for buildings or systems, potentially including architects or engineers.

• Determine: To conclude or ascertain information based on evidence collected during an inspection.

• Dew Point: The temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture, causing water vapor to condense into liquid.

• Dimension Lumber: Standard lumber sizes used in framing, such as 2x4s or 2x6s, with actual dimensions slightly less than nominal.

• Direct Gain System: A passive solar design where sunlight directly enters and heats a space, with materials storing and slowly releasing the heat.

• Direct Nailing: Attaching materials by driving nails directly through one piece into another without additional hardware.

• Dismantle: To take apart a component or system; generally beyond the scope of a standard home inspection.

• Disposer: A garbage disposal unit installed under a kitchen sink to grind food waste for disposal through the drain system.

• Distortion: Any alteration in the shape of a material or component due to stress, heat, or moisture.

• Diverter: A plumbing device that redirects water flow from one outlet to another, such as from a tub spout to a showerhead.

• Diverter Valve: A valve that controls water flow between different outlets, essential in shower and bathtub combinations.

• Dolly Varden Siding: A type of beveled siding with a rabbeted edge, allowing for tight fitting and enhanced weather resistance.

• Doorjamb (Interior): The vertical sides of a door frame inside a building, supporting the door and housing hardware like hinges and latches.

• Dormer: A window set vertically on a sloping roof, projecting outward to create additional space and light in the attic or upper floor.

• Double Coverage: A roofing method where shingles overlap enough to provide two layers of material, enhancing weather protection.

• Double Hung Window: A window with two vertically sliding sashes, allowing for ventilation from the top, bottom, or both.

• Double Plate: Two horizontal framing members at the top of a wall, providing added strength and a surface for joining intersecting walls.

• Double Strength: Glass that is thicker and more robust than standard single-strength glass, offering greater durability.

• Double Tree: In construction, refers to a pair of connected beams or elements; however, this term is less common and may need context for accurate definition.

• Double-Glazing: Windows constructed with two panes of glass separated by an air or gas space, improving insulation and energy efficiency.

• Downspout: A vertical pipe that carries rainwater from the gutter system down to the ground or drainage system.

• Draw: A scheduled payment made to a contractor upon the completion of specific stages in a construction project.

• Drawing Detail: A detailed illustration showing specific construction elements or assemblies, providing clarity for builders and inspectors.

• Drawing Outline: A basic sketch or plan showing the general layout or design of a building or component without intricate details.

• Dressed and Matched (Tongued & Grooved): Lumber that has been smoothed (dressed) and milled with interlocking edges (tongue and groove) for tight-fitting joints.

• Dressed Size Lumber: The actual size of lumber after it has been planed smooth, which is smaller than its nominal (named) size.

• Drier Paint: Paint that includes additives to speed up the drying process, reducing the time between coats.

• Drip: An edge or component designed to allow water to drip off rather than cling to a surface, preventing moisture intrusion.

• Drip Cap: A horizontal molding or flashing installed over exterior door or window frames to divert water away from the opening.

• Drip Edge: Metal flashing installed along the edges of a roof to direct water into gutters and protect underlying materials.

• Drippage: Water that drips or accumulates due to condensation or leakage, potentially indicating a moisture problem.

• Drop Siding: Horizontal siding that interlocks with the piece below, providing a continuous, overlapping exterior surface.

• Dropping a Stringer: Adjusting stair stringers to accommodate the thickness of finish materials, ensuring proper step height.

• Dry Glazing: Installing glass panes using gaskets or seals without the use of wet sealants like putty or silicone.

• Dry Rot: Wood decay caused by fungi that consume the cellulose in wood, leading to structural weakness even in dry conditions.

• Dry Seal: A weatherproof seal achieved through compression of gaskets or seals rather than using liquid sealants.

• Dry Sheet: A layer in roofing systems that allows movement or acts as a slip sheet between incompatible materials.

• Dry-In: The phase of construction where the building is sealed from weather elements, typically when roofing and exterior walls are completed.

• Drywall: A building material made of gypsum plaster pressed between thick sheets of paper, used to form the interior walls and ceilings of homes.

• Drywall Construction: A method of constructing interior walls and ceilings using drywall panels attached to a wooden or metal framework.

• Drywall Hammer: A specialized hammer with a rounded head and a hatchet-like end, designed for installing drywall and cutting through plasterboard.

• Drywall Nail: A nail with a large, cupped head used specifically for fastening drywall panels to framing studs.

• Duct: A passage or conduit, typically made of metal or flexible material, that channels air from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems throughout a building.

• Ductwork: The system of ducts used for distributing conditioned air within a building, integral to HVAC operations.

• Due-On-Sale: A clause in a mortgage contract requiring the borrower to pay off the loan in full if the property is sold.

• Dumbwaiter: A small elevator used for transporting food, dishes, or other items between floors within a building, often found in older homes.

• Dura Board, Dura Rock: Brand names for cement-based backer boards used as a substrate for tile installations in areas exposed to moisture, like bathrooms and kitchens.

• Durometer: A scale or instrument that measures the hardness of elastic materials such as rubber, important for assessing seals and gaskets.

• DWV (Drainage, Waste & Vent): A plumbing system that removes wastewater and sewage from a building and allows air into the pipes to prevent siphoning and maintain proper flow.

E

• E&O Insurance: Errors and Omissions Insurance; liability insurance that protects professionals, including home inspectors, against claims of inadequate work or negligent actions.

• Earnest Money: A deposit made by a buyer to a seller indicating serious intent to purchase a property, held in trust until the transaction is completed.

• Earthquake Strap: A metal strap used to secure appliances like water heaters to wall studs, preventing them from tipping during seismic activity.

• Easement: A legal right for someone to use a portion of another person's property for a specific purpose, such as utility access or shared driveways.

• Eave: The overhanging edge of a roof that extends beyond the exterior wall, providing protection from rain and snow.

• Eaves Flashing: Waterproof material installed along the eaves to prevent water from seeping under roofing materials, especially important in ice dam prevention.

• Edge Clearance: The intentional space left between the edge of a material (like glass in a window frame) and its housing to allow for expansion and contraction.

• Edge Grain (Vertical): Wood cut so that the growth rings are perpendicular to the face, providing greater stability and resistance to warping.

• Edge Metal: Metal flashing installed along the edges of a roof to protect the underlying materials and facilitate water runoff.

• Edging Strips: Narrow pieces used to protect or finish the edges of materials like flooring or countertops.

• EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio): A measurement of how efficiently an air conditioning unit operates when the outdoor temperature is at a specific level; higher values indicate better efficiency.

• Efflorescence: A white, powdery residue of salts that appears on masonry surfaces when water moves through and evaporates, leaving minerals behind.

• Egress: An exit or means of leaving a building; codes often require certain sizes and locations for egress windows in bedrooms and basements for safety.

• EIFS (Exterior Insulating and Finish System): A multi-layered exterior wall system that provides insulation, water resistance, and a finished surface in one integrated product.

• Elastomer: A rubber-like material with elastic properties, used in seals and gaskets to accommodate movement and prevent leaks.

• Elastomeric: Relating to or having the properties of an elastomer; often describes flexible coatings or sealants that can stretch and return to their original shape.

• Elbow: A plumbing or duct fitting that allows pipes or conduits to change direction, typically available in 45-degree and 90-degree angles.

• Electric Lateral: The underground or overhead wires that run from the utility company's distribution lines to a building's service entrance.

• Electric Resistance Coils: Components in electric heating systems that generate heat through electrical resistance, commonly found in baseboard heaters and furnaces.

• Electrical Entrance Package: The assembly of equipment where the electrical service enters a building, including the meter, main disconnect, and service panel.

• Electrical Rough: The initial phase of electrical installation where wiring, boxes, and panels are installed before walls are enclosed.

• Electrical Trim: The completion phase of electrical work involving the installation of fixtures, outlets, switches, and final connections.

• Electrolytic Coupling: A form of corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals are in electrical contact in the presence of an electrolyte, such as water.

• Elevation: An architectural drawing that shows one side of a building, depicting height and design details.

• Elevation Sheet: A detailed drawing or plan that shows the exterior views of each side of a building, used for construction and inspection.

• Ell: A plumbing fitting shaped like an "L" that allows pipes to change direction at a 90-degree angle.

• Emissivity: The ability of a material's surface to emit absorbed heat; materials with high emissivity release heat efficiently.

• EMT (Electrical Metallic Tubing): A type of thin-walled metal conduit used to protect and route electrical wiring in a building.

• Emulsion: A mixture of two liquids that don't typically blend together, such as oil and water; in construction, refers to certain types of paints or coatings.

• End Dams: Barriers installed at the ends of flashing to prevent water from seeping into building components.

• End Lap: The area where one piece of material overlaps the end of another, such as in roofing shingles, to ensure water sheds properly.

• Energy Efficiency Ratio: See EER; a metric used to evaluate the efficiency of cooling devices like air conditioners.

• Engineering Service: Professional services provided by licensed engineers, including structural analysis, design, and consultation.

• Enter: In inspection terms, to physically go into a space or area to examine it.

• EPDM (Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer): A synthetic rubber material commonly used for roofing membranes due to its durability and weather resistance.

• Equity: The portion of a property's value owned outright by the homeowner, calculated as the market value minus any outstanding mortgage balance.

• Escrow: A financial arrangement where a neutral third party holds funds or documents until the conditions of a contract are met.

• Escutcheon: A decorative plate or flange that covers and protects the hole where a pipe or shaft passes through a surface, such as around a faucet handle.

• Estimate: An approximation of the expected cost, time, and materials needed to complete a construction project or repair.

• Estimating: The process of calculating or forecasting the resources and expenses required for a construction project.

• Evaluate: To assess or appraise the condition and performance of a building component during an inspection.

• Examine: To inspect closely and carefully, often to determine condition or identify any defects or issues.

• Excavate: To dig out and remove earth to create space for foundations, footings, or underground utilities.

• Exhaust Fan: A mechanical device that removes stale air, moisture, or odors from a space, improving indoor air quality.

• Expansion Coefficient: A numerical value indicating how much a material expands or contracts with temperature changes.

• Expansion Joint: A designed gap between building materials that allows for movement caused by thermal expansion, preventing cracks and damage.

• Expansive Soils: Soil types that significantly expand when wet and shrink when dry, potentially causing foundation movement and structural issues.

• Exposed Aggregate: A decorative concrete finish achieved by removing the top layer of cement paste to reveal the underlying stones or aggregate.

• Exposed Aggregate Finish: The resulting textured surface from the exposed aggregate technique, offering aesthetic appeal and slip resistance.

• Exposed Nail Method: A roofing installation technique where nails are driven through the top of shingles, leaving the nail heads visible and exposed to the elements.

• Exposure: The orientation or positioning of a building or component relative to environmental factors like sun, wind, and rain.

• Exposure I Grade Plywood: A type of plywood suitable for uses where it will be exposed to moisture temporarily during construction but not intended for long-term exterior exposure.

• Exterior Glazed: Windows or doors where the glass panes are installed or replaced from the outside of the building.

• Exterior Stop: A molding on the exterior side of a window or door frame that holds the glass or panel in place.

• Extras: Additional work or materials not included in the original contract, often resulting in increased costs.

• Extrusion: A manufacturing process where material is pushed through a shaped die to create long objects with a consistent cross-section, such as vinyl window frames.

• Eyebrow: A small, curved window or roof detail that resembles an eyebrow, often used to add architectural interest or light to an attic space.

F

• Facade: The front face or exterior side of a building, often the most architecturally detailed elevation.

• Face Brick: High-quality bricks used on the exterior surfaces of buildings for a finished appearance.

• Face Glazing: The method of securing glass in a window frame using glazing compound applied directly to the face of the glass.

• Faced Concrete: Concrete that has been finished with a particular texture or pattern on its surface, often for decorative purposes.

• Facing Brick: Similar to face brick; bricks chosen for their aesthetic appeal for use on visible surfaces.

• Factory Mutual (FM): An organization that tests and certifies building materials and systems for safety and performance, particularly in fire protection.

• Fall/Flow: The slope of a pipe or surface that allows liquids to move by gravity, essential for proper drainage.

• Fascia: The flat board mounted at the point where the roof meets the outer walls, used to support the gutter system and protect the roof's edge.

• Fasteners: Hardware devices like nails, screws, bolts, and clips used to join materials together in construction.

• Faucet: A fixture providing a flow of water from a plumbing system, commonly installed on sinks, bathtubs, and showers.

• Feathering Strips: Tapered pieces of material used to smooth transitions between surfaces of different heights or to level uneven areas.

• Felt: A tar-impregnated paper used as an underlayment in roofing to provide an extra layer of protection against moisture.

• Female IPS: Internal Pipe Straight threads; a pipe fitting with internal threads that accepts a male threaded pipe.

• Female Threads: Internal screw threads found inside fittings or nuts, designed to receive male threads from pipes or bolts.

• Fenestration: The arrangement and design of windows and other openings in a building's exterior, impacting aesthetics and energy efficiency.

• Ferrous: Referring to metals that contain iron, which are prone to rusting when exposed to moisture.

• Ferrule: A metal ring or cap used to reinforce or connect components, such as the metal sleeve crimped onto electrical wires.

• FHA Strap: A metal strap used to secure framing members, meeting the requirements of the Federal Housing Administration for structural connections.

• Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating: A reflective roof coating containing fibers and aluminum flakes, used to protect roofs from UV radiation and reduce heat absorption.

• Fibered Roof and Foundation Coating: A protective coating applied to roofs and foundations that includes fibers for added strength and durability.

• Fibered Roof Coating: A sealant applied to roofs that contains fibers, enhancing its ability to bridge small cracks and extend the roof's life.

• Fiberglass Mat: A reinforcing layer made of fiberglass fibers, used in roofing materials and composites to add strength.

• Field Measure: Taking precise measurements on-site to ensure that materials will fit correctly during installation.

• Fillet Bead: A triangular-shaped bead of sealant applied at the joint between two surfaces to create a smooth, sealed transition.

• FindAnInspector.US: A directory or online resource to help locate certified home inspectors in the United States.

• Finger Joint: A method of joining two pieces of wood end-to-end using interlocking, wedge-shaped cuts to create a longer, stable piece.

• Finish: The final treatment or coating applied to surfaces for protection and appearance, such as paint, stain, or varnish.

• Finish Carpentry: The stage of construction involving the installation of interior trim, moldings, doors, and cabinetry to complete the aesthetic of the building.

• Finish Coat: The final layer of material applied to a surface, such as paint, plaster, or stucco, to achieve the desired appearance and provide protection.

• Finish Grade: The final elevation of the ground surface around a building after construction and landscaping are completed, ensuring proper drainage away from the structure.

• FIP (Female Iron Pipe): A type of plumbing fitting with internal threads designed to connect with male threaded pipes, commonly used in water and gas lines.

• Fire Block: Materials installed within wall cavities or between floors to prevent or slow the spread of fire and smoke through concealed spaces.

• Fire Brick: Specialized bricks made to withstand high temperatures, used to line fireplaces, furnaces, and chimneys.

• Fire Rated: A classification indicating that a building component or assembly can resist fire for a specified period, such as 1-hour or 2-hour ratings.

• Fire Retardant Chemical: Substances applied to materials to reduce their flammability and inhibit the spread of fire.

• Fire Stop: Components or materials used to seal openings and joints in fire-rated walls or floors, preventing the passage of fire and smoke.

• Fire Wall: A wall constructed to provide a fire-resistant barrier, preventing the spread of fire from one part of a building to another.

• Fire-Resistive: Describes materials or structures designed to resist fire and maintain structural integrity during exposure to high temperatures.

• Fireplace Chase Flashing Pan: A metal pan installed around a chimney where it penetrates the roof, directing water away to prevent leaks.

• Fish Tape (Fish Wire): A flexible, narrow tool used by electricians to route wiring through walls, conduits, and other inaccessible spaces.

• Fishplate: A flat metal plate used to join two structural members end-to-end, reinforcing the connection.

• Fitting: A component used to connect sections of pipe or tubing in plumbing or HVAC systems, such as elbows, tees, and couplings.

• Fixed Price Contract: A construction agreement where the contractor agrees to complete the project for a set price, regardless of actual costs.

• Fixture: A permanent item attached to a building, like sinks, toilets, light fixtures, or cabinets.

• Flagstone (Flagging or Flags): Flat, natural stones used for paving walkways, patios, or flooring due to their durability and aesthetic appeal.

• Flake: A small, thin piece that has peeled off from a surface, often referring to paint or wood veneer.

• Flakeboard: An engineered wood product made from compressed wood flakes and resin, similar to particleboard.

• Flame Retention Burner: A burner design in oil-fired heating systems that maintains a stable flame for efficient combustion.

• Flapper Valve (Plumbing): A rubber or plastic valve in a toilet tank that lifts to allow water to flush and seals to refill the tank.

• Flash Point: The lowest temperature at which a liquid produces enough vapor to ignite in the presence of an ignition source.

• Flashing: Thin material, usually metal, installed to prevent water penetration at roof intersections, chimneys, and other vulnerable areas.

• Flat Glass: Standard glass sheets used in windows and doors, as opposed to curved or specialty glass.

• Flat Grain: Wood cut so that the annual rings form a flat pattern on the surface, often showing a distinctive grain.

• Flat Mold: A simple, flat molding used as decorative trim or to cover seams and edges.

• Flat Paint: A type of interior paint with a matte finish that hides surface imperfections but is less washable.

• Flat Seam: A roofing seam where metal panels are joined edge-to-edge without overlapping, creating a flat surface.

• Flatwork: Horizontal concrete work such as floors, sidewalks, and driveways.

• Fleet Averaging: A method used by manufacturers to meet emission standards based on the average emissions of their entire product fleet.

• Flex Hose: A flexible hose used to connect components in plumbing or HVAC systems, accommodating movement or vibration.

• Flexible Metal Conduit: A bendable conduit used to protect electrical wiring, allowing flexibility in installation.

• Float Glass: Glass produced by floating molten glass on a bed of molten metal, resulting in uniform thickness and smooth surfaces.

• Floating: The process of smoothing and leveling wet concrete or plaster using a flat tool called a float.

• Floating Wall: A wall built to accommodate movement, often in basements where floors may shift due to soil expansion.

• Floor Plan: A scale drawing showing the layout of rooms and spaces in a building from a top-down perspective.

• Floor Plate: The bottom horizontal member of a wall frame upon which studs are erected; also known as the sole plate.

• Flow Rate: The volume of fluid passing a point in a system per unit of time, important in plumbing for water supply and drainage.

• Flue: A vertical passage in a chimney that carries combustion gases from fireplaces, furnaces, or boilers to the outside.

• Flue Collar: The component on a heating appliance where the flue pipe connects, directing exhaust gases into the chimney.

• Flue Damper: A device installed in the flue to regulate airflow and improve energy efficiency by closing when the appliance is not in use.

• Flue Lining: Protective lining inside a chimney made of clay or metal that insulates and protects the chimney walls from heat and corrosion.

• Fluorescent Lighting: Lighting that uses electricity to excite mercury vapor, producing ultraviolet light that causes a phosphor coating to emit visible light.

• Flush Glazing (Pocket Glazing): A window installation method where the glass is set directly into a frame or opening without the use of glazing beads or stops.

• Flush Valve: A valve that releases water from a tank into a toilet bowl or urinal for flushing.

• Flux: A substance applied during soldering to prevent oxidation and improve the flow of solder between metal surfaces.

• Fly Rafters: The outermost rafters on a gable roof that support the roof overhang beyond the end wall.

• Folded Seam: A method of joining metal roofing panels by folding and interlocking edges to create a watertight seal.

• Footprint: The area of ground covered by a building's structure, outlining its shape and size on the site.

• Footing: The widened base of a foundation that spreads the load to prevent settling, supporting walls or columns.

• Footings: Multiple footings used in a structure to distribute loads from different parts of the building to the ground.

• Forced Air Heating: A heating system that uses a furnace to heat air, which is then distributed through ducts and vents by a blower.

• Form: A temporary mold into which concrete is poured to shape structural elements like walls, beams, or slabs until it sets.

• Foundation: The lower part of a building that transfers structural loads into the ground, providing stability and support.

• Foundation Coating: A protective barrier applied to the exterior of a foundation wall to prevent moisture penetration.

• Frame Inspection: An evaluation conducted after framing is complete but before insulation and drywall are installed, ensuring structural components meet code.

• Framer: A skilled tradesperson who constructs the skeletal structure of buildings, including walls, floors, and roofs.

• Framing: The assembly of structural elements like studs, joists, and rafters that form the skeleton of a building.

• Free-Tab Shingles: Asphalt shingles with tabs that are not adhered to the underlying shingle, allowing for slight movement and better wind resistance.

• Frieze: A horizontal band, often decorative, installed beneath the cornice or roof overhang on the exterior of a building.

• Frostline: The maximum depth in the ground where soil freezes during winter; foundations must be built below this depth to prevent frost heave.

• Fully-Adhered: Referring to roofing systems where the membrane is completely bonded to the substrate, reducing the risk of wind damage.

• Fully Tempered Glass: Safety glass that has been heat-treated to increase strength; when broken, it crumbles into small, less dangerous pieces.

• Fungal Wood Rot: Decay of wood caused by fungi that consume cellulose and lignin, compromising structural integrity.

• Fungi (Wood): Microorganisms that decompose organic material, including wood, leading to rot and structural damage.

• Fungicide: A chemical agent used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi on wood and other materials.

• Furnace: A heating appliance that warms air through combustion or electrical resistance, distributing it throughout the building via ducts.

• Furring: Thin strips of wood or metal attached to walls or ceilings to provide a level surface for finishing materials.

G

• Gable: The triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof, often housing attic space or vents.

• Gable End: The end wall of a building that contains a gable, extending from the eaves to the roof peak.

• Gable Roof: A roof with two sloping sides that meet at a ridge, forming end walls with a gable shape.

• Galvanize: To coat steel or iron with a layer of zinc to prevent rusting and corrosion.

• Gambrel Roof: A two-sided roof with two slopes on each side, where the lower slope is steeper than the upper, commonly seen on barns.

• Gang Nail Plate: A metal connector with protruding teeth used to join pieces of lumber in truss construction.

• Gas Lateral: The service line that delivers natural gas from the main supply to a building's gas meter.

• Gaskets: Flexible seals placed between mating surfaces to prevent leakage of fluids or gases.

• Gate Valve: A valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate) out of the path of the fluid, used to control flow in a pipeline.

• Gauge: A measurement of thickness or size; in metals, a lower gauge number indicates a thicker material.

• Gauge Board (Spot Board): A flat board used by plasterers to hold plaster during application.

• General Contractor: The primary contractor responsible for managing all aspects of a construction project, including hiring and coordinating subcontractors.

• General Contractor (Prime Contractor): The main contractor with whom the client directly contracts for the completion of a construction project.

• GFI or GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters): Electrical devices designed to protect against electric shock by disconnecting a circuit when a ground fault is detected.

• GFRC (Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete): A composite material made of cement, fine aggregates, and glass fibers, used for decorative and architectural applications.

• Girder: A large, horizontal structural beam that supports smaller beams or joists, transferring loads to columns or foundations.

• Girdle: A term less commonly used in construction; may refer to a band or belt used to encircle and strengthen a structure.

• Glass: A transparent or translucent material made from silica, used in windows, doors, and other applications requiring light transmission.

• Glass-Base: A type of roofing underlayment made with fiberglass matting saturated with asphalt for added strength and durability.

• Glass-Seal: Refers to insulated glass units where the edges are sealed to prevent moisture ingress, improving energy efficiency.

• Glaze Coat: A thin, clear or tinted finishing layer applied over surfaces like countertops or floors to enhance appearance and protection.

• Glazing: The installation of glass in windows, doors, or frames, including the glass itself and the methods used.

• Glazing Bead: Strips that secure glass panes within a window or door frame, often removable for glass replacement.

• Glazing Channel: A groove or recess in a window or door frame designed to hold the edges of the glass securely.

• Globe Valve: A valve with a movable disk-type element and stationary ring seat in a spherical body, used for regulating flow in a pipeline.

• Gloss (Paint or Enamel): The shine or luster of a painted surface; higher gloss levels reflect more light and are easier to clean.

• Gloss Enamel: A paint with a high-gloss finish that dries to a hard, durable surface, suitable for high-traffic areas.

• Glued Laminated Beam (Glulam): An engineered wood beam made by gluing together layers of lumber, allowing for greater strength and longer spans.

• GPF (Gallons Per Flush): A measurement of water usage per flush in toilets; modern regulations limit this to conserve water.

• GPM (Gallons Per Minute): A unit of flow rate indicating the volume of water moving through a system per minute, important for plumbing fixtures.

• Grade: The level or slope of the ground around a building, important for drainage and foundation stability.

• Grade Beam: A horizontal structural element, typically made of concrete, that supports walls and transfers loads to the foundation or piers below.

• Grade MW: Refers to "Moderate Weather" grade bricks suitable for areas with moderate exposure to weather conditions.

• Grade NW: Stands for "Negligent Weather" grade materials intended for indoor or protected applications with minimal exposure to moisture.

• Grade SW: Indicates "Severe Weather" grade materials designed to withstand harsh weather conditions, including freeze-thaw cycles.

• Graduated Payment Mortgage (GPM): A type of mortgage where initial payments are low and increase over time, allowing borrowers to start with lower payments that gradually rise.

• Grain: The direction, texture, or pattern of fibers in wood, affecting its strength and appearance.

• Granules: Small, colored stone particles embedded on the surface of asphalt shingles to protect them from UV rays and add aesthetic appeal.

• Gravel: Loose, rounded rock fragments used in construction for drainage, foundations, and as an aggregate in concrete.

• Grid: A network of intersecting lines or supports, such as the layout for suspended ceiling systems or the pattern in electrical wiring diagrams.

• Ground: In electrical systems, a reference point with zero voltage used for safety to prevent electric shock, often connected to the earth.

• Ground Iron: An iron rod driven into the ground to create a grounding point for electrical systems.

• Ground System: The entire network of conductors and connections that provide a path to the earth for electrical currents, enhancing safety.

• Grounding Rod: A metal rod installed into the earth and connected to the electrical grounding system to dissipate fault currents safely.

• Grounds: Wooden or metal strips placed around openings or along walls to serve as guides for plaster or drywall finishes.

• Groundwater: Water present beneath the earth's surface that can affect foundations and requires proper drainage solutions to prevent infiltration.

• Grout: A fluid mixture of cement, sand, and water used to fill gaps between tiles or to reinforce masonry structures.

• Grout or Grouting: The process of injecting grout into spaces to seal joints, fill voids, or strengthen structures.

• Gun Consistency: The appropriate thickness of a sealant or adhesive that allows it to be applied smoothly using a caulking gun.

• Gunite: A type of concrete or mortar sprayed onto surfaces at high velocity, often used for swimming pools and structural repairs.

• Gusset: A flat plate or bracket used to reinforce joints in structures, connecting beams, trusses, or other framing members.

• Gutter: A channel installed along the eaves of a roof to collect and direct rainwater away from the building via downspouts.

• Gutter Strap: A metal or plastic support used to secure gutters to the roof or fascia, ensuring they remain properly positioned.

• Guy Wire: A tensioned cable used to stabilize structures like antennae, poles, or towers, anchoring them to the ground.

• Gypsum Board: Also known as drywall or plasterboard, it's a panel made of gypsum plaster pressed between sheets of paper, used for interior walls and ceilings.

• Gypsum Keene Cement: A type of hard-finish plaster used for walls and ceilings that provides a smooth, durable surface.

• Gypsum Plaster: A building material made from gypsum powder mixed with water, applied to walls and ceilings for a smooth finish.

H

• H Clip: A metal spacer placed between roof sheathing panels to provide proper spacing and support along unsupported edges.

• Hardware: The metal fittings that enable doors, windows, cabinets, and other building components to function, such as hinges, locks, and handles.

• Hatch: An opening in a floor, ceiling, or roof, fitted with a cover, providing access to areas like attics or crawl spaces.

• Haunch: A thickened section of a concrete slab or footing designed to support additional loads at specific points.

• Hawk: A flat, handheld tool used by plasterers to hold and transport plaster or mortar before application.

• Hazard Insurance: An insurance policy that protects property owners against damages caused by events like fire, storms, or vandalism.

• Header: A horizontal structural member placed over openings like doors and windows to support the load from above.

• Hearth: The floor area within or in front of a fireplace, often made of non-combustible materials like stone or brick.

• Heartwood: The dense, inner part of a tree trunk, yielding the hardest timber, often resistant to decay.

• Heat Meter: A device that measures the amount of heat energy consumed, typically used in multi-unit buildings for billing purposes.

• Heat Pump: An HVAC system that can reverse its operation to provide both heating and cooling by transferring heat between indoors and outdoors.

• Heat Rough: The phase in construction when the heating system's ductwork and components are installed but not yet connected or operational.

• Heat Strengthened Glass: Glass that has been treated to increase its strength compared to regular annealed glass but is not as strong as fully tempered glass.

• Heat Trim: The final installation and adjustment of heating system components after walls are finished, including registers and thermostats.

• Heating Load: The amount of heat energy required to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, influenced by insulation, air leakage, and climate.

• Heel Bead: A bead of sealant applied at the base of glazing to prevent water and air infiltration.

• Heel Cut: An angled cut at the end of a rafter where it meets the top plate of a wall, ensuring proper roof pitch and alignment.

• Hermetic Seal: An airtight seal that prevents the passage of air, moisture, or contaminants, often used in insulated glass units.

• High-Early Cement: A type of cement that gains strength more rapidly than standard cement, allowing for faster construction progress.

• Highlights: Areas of a surface that reflect more light due to texture or finish, often considered in aesthetic evaluations.

• Hinge: A jointed device that allows a door, window, or lid to swing open and closed smoothly.

• Hip: The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping roof surfaces, running from the ridge to the eaves.

• Hip Rafter: A rafter that forms the hip of a roof, supporting the intersection where roof planes meet at an angle.

• Hip Roof: A roof design where all sides slope downwards to the walls, usually with gentle slopes, eliminating gables.

• Hip Shingles: Specially designed shingles used to cover the hips of a roof, conforming to the angle and providing weather protection.

• Hoistway: The shaft or vertical passage in a building that houses an elevator, including the space for the car and counterweights.

• Home Run (Electrical): The main electrical cable that runs from the service panel to the first device in a circuit without any junctions.

• Honeycomb: A condition in concrete where voids or cavities are left due to improper mixing or placement, reducing strength.

• Horizontal: Parallel to the plane of the horizon; at a right angle to the vertical.

• Hose Bib: An outdoor faucet or water spigot to which a garden hose can be attached.

• Hot Wire: In electrical systems, the wire that carries the electrical current to a device, typically colored black or red.

• Hub: In plumbing, the enlarged end of a pipe fitting that allows another pipe to be inserted and joined.

• Humidifier: A device that adds moisture to the air within a building, improving comfort and reducing static electricity.

• Hurricane Clip: A metal connector used to secure roof rafters or trusses to wall plates, enhancing resistance to uplift forces from high winds.

• Hurricane Ties: Metal straps or clips that strengthen connections between structural members to resist wind forces during severe weather.

• HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning; the systems used to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality.

• Hydro-Electric Elevator: An elevator system powered by hydraulic fluid pressure, commonly used in low-rise buildings.

I

• I Beam: A steel beam shaped like the letter "I" when viewed in cross-section, used extensively in construction for its strength.

• I Joist: An engineered wood joist with an "I" cross-section, consisting of top and bottom flanges bonded to a vertical web, used for floor and roof framing.

• I-Beam: Same as I Beam; a strong, horizontal steel member used to support loads in construction.

• I-Joist: Another term for I Joist; an engineered wood product designed to eliminate problems that occur with conventional wood joists.

• ID (Inside Diameter): The measurement of the internal width of a pipe or cylinder, critical for plumbing and mechanical systems.

• IIC: Impact Insulation Class; a rating that measures a floor-ceiling assembly's ability to reduce impact sound transmission, such as footsteps.

• Incandescent Lamp: A light bulb that produces light by heating a filament wire to a high temperature, emitting a warm light.

• Incompatibility: A condition where two materials adversely affect each other's performance when used together, such as certain sealants and plastics.

• Indemnification Clause: A contract provision where one party agrees to compensate another for any loss or damage that arises from specific liabilities.

• Index: A numerical scale used to compare or assess certain characteristics, such as the Air Quality Index.

• Infiltration: The unintentional or accidental introduction of outside air into a building, typically through cracks or openings, affecting energy efficiency.

• Inlet: An opening or intake through which air, water, or other substances can enter a system or space.

• INR (Impact Noise Rating): A measure of a building's ability to prevent sound transmission from impacts on floors, contributing to acoustic comfort.

• Inside Corner: The point where two interior surfaces meet at an angle, such as the corner of a room.

• Inside Drain: A drainage system located within the interior of a structure, often used in flat roofs or basements.

• Insulating Glass: Glass units composed of two or more panes separated by a sealed air space to reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency.

• Insulating Glass Unit: A factory-made assembly of insulating glass, commonly used in windows and doors for thermal performance.

• Insulation: Materials used to reduce heat transfer and improve energy efficiency in a building, such as fiberglass batts or foam boards.

• Insulation Board: Rigid panels of insulation material used in walls, roofs, and foundations to provide thermal resistance.

• Insulation Fasteners: Mechanical devices like clips or adhesives used to secure insulation materials to building surfaces.

• Interest: The cost of borrowing money, expressed as a percentage of the principal loan amount, charged by lenders.

• Interior Finish: The final materials and coatings applied to the interior surfaces of a building, including paint, wallpaper, and trim.

• Interior Glazed: Windows or doors where the glass is installed or replaced from the inside of the building.

• Interlayer: A layer of material, such as plastic or resin, sandwiched between panes of glass in laminated glass for safety and sound reduction.

• Interlocking Shingles: Roofing shingles designed to fit together mechanically, providing enhanced wind resistance.

• Interply: Layers between plies in built-up roofing systems, contributing to the overall performance of the roof membrane.

• IPS (Iron Pipe Size): A standard sizing system for pipes, indicating dimensions based on the iron pipe standard.

• IRMA (Insulated Roof Membrane Assembly): A roofing system where the insulation is installed above the waterproofing membrane, protecting it from temperature extremes.

• Irrigation: The artificial application of water to land or soil to assist in growing plants, requiring proper system installation to avoid property damage.

J

• J Channel: A molding shaped like the letter "J" used to receive the edges of siding, soffits, or wall panels, providing a finished look and weather resistance.

• Jack Post: An adjustable steel column used to support beams or joists temporarily or permanently, often found in basements to correct sagging floors or provide additional structural support.

• Jack Rafter: A short rafter in a roof frame that spans from the wall plate to a hip rafter (hip jack) or from a valley rafter to a ridge (valley jack), used in complex roof designs.

• Jamb: The vertical sides of a door or window frame that support the lintel above and provide a surface for attaching hinges or tracks.

• Joint: The location where two building materials or components meet or are joined together, such as in framing, masonry, or plumbing connections.

• Joint Cement: A compound used to fill and seal joints between drywall panels, providing a smooth surface for painting or finishing.

• Joint Compound: A plaster-like material applied over drywall joints and fasteners to create a seamless wall or ceiling surface before painting.

• Joint Tenancy: A form of property co-ownership where two or more parties hold equal shares with rights of survivorship, meaning ownership passes to surviving owners upon death.

• Joint Trench: A single trench excavated to install multiple utility lines (e.g., gas, electric, water), reducing excavation costs and site disruption.

• Joist Hanger: A metal bracket attached to beams or ledgers to support and secure the ends of joists, ensuring structural stability in floors or ceilings.

• Jumpers: Temporary or permanent electrical wires used to connect circuits or bypass a device, often seen in electrical panels during testing or modifications.

K

• Keene's Cement: A type of high-strength, quick-setting gypsum plaster used for finishing walls and ceilings where a hard, smooth surface is desired.

• Keeper: The metal or plastic component mounted on a door frame or window that receives and holds the latch or locking mechanism when closed.

• Kelvin: A unit of measurement for temperature on an absolute scale; in home inspection, it's often used to describe the color temperature of lighting.

• Keyless: Referring to light fixtures that do not have an integral switch and are operated by a wall switch; commonly used in utility areas or closets.

• Keyway: A recessed groove in concrete footings or walls designed to interlock with another concrete component poured subsequently, enhancing structural connection.

• Kick Hole: An intentional opening at the base of an elevator shaft or similar structure to allow for debris removal or drainage.

• Kiln Dried Lumber: Wood that has been dried in a kiln to a specific moisture content to reduce shrinkage, warping, and the risk of fungal growth.

• Kilowatt (KW): A unit of power equal to 1,000 watts, commonly used to measure the capacity of electrical systems and appliances in a home.

• King Stud: A full-length vertical framing member on either side of a door or window opening that supports the structural header above.

• Knife Consistency: Describes a compound's ideal thickness, allowing it to be smoothly applied with a putty knife or trowel without sagging or clumping.

• Knot: A natural imperfection in lumber where a branch was connected to the tree trunk, which can affect the wood's strength and appearance.

• Kraft: A heavy-duty paper, often treated to be water-resistant, used as a facing material on insulation batts to act as a vapor barrier.

• Kynar Coating: A durable, high-performance paint finish containing polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resin, applied to metal surfaces for long-lasting color and resistance to weathering.

L

• Labor Hour: A unit of measurement representing one hour of work by a tradesperson, used in estimating labor costs for construction or repair projects.

• Ladder, Fixed: A permanent ladder secured to a structure, providing safe access to areas like roofs, lofts, or equipment platforms.

• Laminated Glass: Safety glass composed of two or more layers of glass bonded together with an interlayer, which holds the glass in place if shattered.

• Laminated Shingles: Asphalt roofing shingles made with multiple layers to create a dimensional appearance and improved durability; also known as architectural shingles.

• Laminating: The process of bonding multiple layers of material together with adhesives to enhance strength, stability, or appearance.

• Landing: A flat platform at the top or bottom of a staircase or between flights, providing a resting area and space for directional changes.

• Lap: The area where one material overlaps another, such as shingles on a roof, to prevent water infiltration.

• Lap Cement: An adhesive used in roofing to bond overlapping edges of roll roofing or shingles, ensuring a watertight seal.

• Lateral (Electric, Gas, Telephone, Sewer, and Water): The service lines that run from the main utility lines to a building, supplying essential services.

• Lath: Thin strips of wood or metal mesh attached to framing as a base for plaster or stucco finishes on walls and ceilings.

• Lath and Plaster: An older wall construction method where plaster is applied over wood or metal lath to create a solid wall surface.

• Lattice: A framework of crossed wooden or metal strips forming a decorative pattern of open spaces, often used for fences, screens, or trellises.

• Lavatory: A bathroom sink designed for handwashing, typically installed with accompanying faucets and plumbing fixtures.

• Leach Field: An area in a septic system where liquid waste is distributed into the soil through perforated pipes for natural filtration and absorption.

• Lead: A heavy metal previously used in paints and plumbing; exposure can pose serious health risks, making its identification important during inspections.

• Lead-Based Paint: Paint containing lead compounds, commonly used before 1978; it poses health hazards, especially to children, if deteriorating or disturbed.

• Leader: Another term for downspout; a vertical pipe that conveys rainwater from gutters to the ground or drainage system.

• Lean-To Roof: A simple roof with a single slope that abuts a taller wall, commonly used for sheds or additions.

• Ledger Strip: A horizontal strip of wood fastened to a beam or wall to support the ends of joists or other structural members.

• Let-In Brace: A diagonal brace set into notches in wall studs to provide lateral support and resist racking from wind or seismic forces.

• Level: A tool used to establish true horizontal or vertical alignment, essential for accurate construction and installation.

• Level (Carpenter's Level): A straightedge with one or more spirit-filled vials (bubble levels) to indicate whether a surface is level or plumb.

• Level Payment Mortgage: A mortgage with fixed monthly payments over the loan term, with varying portions allocated to principal and interest.

• Leveling Rod: A graduated rod used with surveying instruments to measure differences in elevation on a construction site.

• Lien: A legal claim against a property for unpaid debts, such as construction costs or taxes, which can affect the transfer of ownership.

• Light: A section of glazing within a window or door; also refers to the amount of illumination provided.

• Limit Switch: A safety device in heating systems that shuts off the system if temperatures exceed safe operating limits.

• Lineal Foot: A measurement of length in feet along a straight line, used to quantify materials like lumber or piping.

• Lintel: A horizontal structural element placed over openings such as doors and windows to support the load of the wall above.

• Liquidated Damages: A contractual agreement specifying a predetermined amount to be paid if one party fails to fulfill obligations, such as project delays.

• Liquid-Applied Membrane: A waterproofing material applied as a liquid that cures to form a seamless, flexible barrier on surfaces like foundations or roofs.

• Lite: A single pane of glass within a window or door; multi-lite windows have multiple panes separated by mullions or muntins.

• Live Load: The weight of movable objects in a building, including people, furniture, and equipment, which must be considered in structural design.

• Load Bearing Wall: A wall that supports structural weight from floors, roof, or other parts of the building above it, transferring loads to the foundation.

• Loan: A sum of money borrowed with an agreement to repay it with interest over a specified period, commonly used to finance property purchases.

• Loan to Value Ratio: A financial term expressing the amount of a loan relative to the appraised value of the property, influencing loan terms and risk assessment.

• Lookout: A short horizontal framing member extending from the wall to support the roof eaves or overhangs.

• Loose Laid: Describes roofing or flooring materials installed without adhesive or fasteners, relying on weight or friction to stay in place.

• Lot: A parcel of land designated for building or development, defined by property lines and subject to zoning regulations.

• Louver: An opening with angled slats that allow air flow while keeping out rain and direct sunlight, used for ventilation in attics and crawl spaces.

• Low-Slope Application: Roofing installation methods suitable for roofs with a gentle pitch (typically less than 3:12), requiring materials designed to prevent water intrusion.

• Lumber: Processed wood cut into beams, boards, or planks used in construction for framing, flooring, and other structural elements.

• Lumens: A unit of measurement indicating the amount of visible light emitted by a source; higher lumens mean brighter light.

M

• Main Vent (or Stack): The primary vertical vent pipe in a building's plumbing system that allows sewer gases to escape and maintains proper air pressure for drainage.

• Male IPS: Iron Pipe Size threading on a pipe or fitting with external threads, designed to connect with a female threaded fitting in plumbing systems.

• Male Threads: External screw threads on a pipe or bolt that fit into the internal (female) threads of a corresponding component.

• Mansard Roof: A four-sided roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope being steeper than the upper, creating additional living space in the attic area.

• Mantel: The decorative framework or shelf surrounding a fireplace opening, often serving as a focal point in a room.

• Manufactured Wood: Engineered wood products created by bonding wood fibers or veneers with adhesives, offering consistent quality and strength.

• Manufacturers Specifications: Detailed guidelines provided by a product's manufacturer outlining proper installation, use, and maintenance to ensure performance and warranty compliance.

• Mason's Hammer (Bricklayer's Hammer): A tool with a flat face for striking and a chisel-like blade for cutting or scoring bricks and masonry units.

• Masonry: The craft of building structures from individual units like bricks, stones, or blocks, bound together with mortar.

• Masonry Primer: A preparatory coating applied to masonry surfaces before painting to improve adhesion and seal porous materials.

• Mastic: A flexible, waterproof adhesive or sealant used in construction for bonding or sealing joints, particularly in roofing and flooring.

• Matched Lumber: Wood boards that have been milled with complementary profiles, such as tongue and groove, allowing them to fit snugly together when installed.

• Maximum Occupancy Load: The maximum number of people legally permitted in a building or space, determined by building codes to ensure safety during emergencies.

• Mechanic's Lien: A legal claim filed by a contractor or supplier against a property for unpaid work or materials, which can hinder property transactions until resolved.

• Melt Point: The temperature at which a solid material changes to a liquid state, relevant for materials used in soldering or sealing.

• Membrane: A thin layer of material applied to a surface to prevent water penetration, commonly used in roofing and waterproofing applications.

• Metal Edge: Protective metal flashing installed along roof edges or around openings to prevent water intrusion and provide a finished appearance.

• Metal Lath: Expanded metal mesh used as a substrate for plaster or stucco, providing a keyed surface for the material to adhere.

• Microlam: A trademarked name for laminated veneer lumber (LVL), an engineered wood product used for beams, headers, and other structural components requiring high strength.

• Migration: The movement of substances like moisture, chemicals, or contaminants through materials, which can lead to deterioration or failure.

• Mil Thickness: A unit of measurement equal to one-thousandth of an inch, used to specify the thickness of coatings, films, or membranes.

• Milar (Mylar): A brand name for a type of polyester film used in construction for insulation facings, vapor barriers, or as a moisture-resistant layer.

• Millwork: Custom or stock woodwork produced in a mill, including moldings, trim, doors, window casings, and cabinetry used in building interiors.

• Mineral Spirits: A petroleum-based solvent used for thinning oil-based paints and varnishes or cleaning brushes and equipment after painting.

• Mineral Stabilizers: Additives in asphalt shingles that enhance durability, weight, and resistance to environmental factors like UV radiation and weathering.

• Mineral-Surfaced Roofing: Roofing materials, such as asphalt shingles or roll roofing, coated with mineral granules to protect against the elements and provide color.

• Minispread: A term that may refer to a small-scale application or distribution of a material; context is needed for precise definition in home inspection.

• MIP (Male Iron Pipe): A designation for plumbing fittings with external threads conforming to iron pipe size standards, used to connect pipes and fixtures.

• Miter Joint: A joint made by beveling two pieces of material at an angle, usually 45 degrees, so they fit together to form a corner. Commonly used in trim work and framing to create seamless corners.

• Mixing Valve: A plumbing device that blends hot and cold water to deliver water at a consistent, set temperature, helping to prevent scalding and thermal shock.

• Mobile Home Aluminum Roof Coating: A protective coating applied to aluminum roofs on mobile homes to seal seams, prevent leaks, and reflect sunlight, thereby reducing interior temperatures.

• Mock-Up Testing: The process of constructing a full-scale model or section of a building component to test its performance, such as water penetration resistance, before actual construction.

• Modified Bitumen Roof: A type of roofing material consisting of asphalt modified with polymers, offering enhanced flexibility and durability. It's commonly used on flat or low-slope roofs.

• Modulus: Refers to the modulus of elasticity, a material's ability to deform elastically when a force is applied. In construction, it indicates how much a material will flex under load.

• Moisture Content of Wood: The percentage of water in wood compared to its oven-dry weight. Proper moisture content is crucial to prevent issues like warping, shrinking, or mold growth.

• Molding: Decorative strips of material, such as wood or plaster, used to cover transitions between surfaces or to enhance the appearance of walls, ceilings, doors, and windows.

• Monitor: A raised structure on a roof that provides light and ventilation to the space below. It often resembles a small house sitting atop the main roof.

• Monopost: An adjustable steel column used to support beams or girders in basements and crawl spaces. Also known as a lally column.

• Mopping: The application of hot asphalt or coal tar pitch to a roof using a mop, typically in built-up roofing systems to adhere layers together.

• Mortar Types: Different classifications of mortar (e.g., Type M, S, N, O) defined by their strength and composition, used for bonding masonry units like bricks and stones.

• Mortgage: A legal agreement in which a borrower pledges property as security for a loan, typically to purchase that property.

• Mortgage Broker: A professional who connects borrowers with lenders, helping clients find loans that suit their financial needs and circumstances.

• Mortgage Company: A financial institution that originates and services mortgage loans, providing funds for real estate purchases.

• Mortgage Deed: A legal document that outlines the terms of a mortgage agreement and grants the lender a lien on the property.

• Mortgage Origination Fee: A charge by the lender for processing a new mortgage loan, usually calculated as a percentage of the loan amount.

• Mortgagee: The lender in a mortgage agreement who provides funds to the borrower and holds the lien on the property until the debt is repaid.

• Mortise: A cavity or hole cut into a piece of wood or other material designed to receive a tenon, forming a mortise-and-tenon joint used in carpentry.

• Mud Cracks: Cracks that appear in paint, stucco, or other coatings due to excessive thickness, improper application, or rapid drying.

• Mudsill: The bottom horizontal member of a wall or building to which vertical members are attached; rests directly on the foundation.

• Mullion: A vertical or horizontal element that divides adjacent window or door units, providing structural support and aesthetic appeal.

• Muntins: Strips of wood or metal that divide panes of glass within a window sash, creating a grid of smaller panes for decorative purposes.

• Muriatic Acid: A diluted form of hydrochloric acid used for cleaning masonry surfaces, removing excess mortar, or etching concrete before sealing.

• Mushroom: A term describing the flared shape at the top of a concrete pier or pile caused by improper placement or over-vibration during pouring.

N

• NACHI Foundation: A charitable organization associated with the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors (InterNACHI) that provides assistance to those in need within the home inspection community.

• Nailer: A piece of wood or metal installed to provide a surface for securely fastening finish materials like trim, siding, or roofing.

• Natural Finish: A transparent protective coating applied to wood that allows the natural grain and color to show through, often using clear varnish or oil.

• Neat Plaster: A pure gypsum plaster without additives like sand, used for finishing coats to achieve a smooth, hard surface.

• NEC (National Electrical Code): A set of safety standards for electrical wiring and equipment installation in the United States, updated every three years.

• Neoprene: A synthetic rubber material resistant to oil, heat, and weathering, used for gaskets, seals, and flexible roof membranes.

• Nesting: The practice of fitting one component into another, such as stacking ducts or pipes within each other for compact storage or installation.

• Neutral Wire: The conductor in an electrical system that carries current back to the source, typically connected to ground at the main electrical panel.

• Newel: The central supporting pillar of a staircase or the large post at the end or turn of a stair railing.

• Nipple: A short piece of pipe, typically threaded on both ends, used to connect two plumbing fittings or extend a pipe run.

• NM: Non-Metallic sheathed electrical cable (also known as Romex), used for interior residential wiring.

• NMC (Non Metallic Conduit): A type of flexible conduit made of plastic used to protect and route electrical wiring in residential applications.

• No-Cutout Shingles: Asphalt shingles designed without tabs or cutouts, offering improved durability and simplified installation.

• Nominal Size: The standard dimension by which lumber or other materials are known and sold, which may differ from the actual measured size.

• Non-Bearing Wall: A wall that does not support any vertical load from the structure above and is used primarily to divide spaces.

• Non-Destructive: Inspection methods that do not cause damage to the component being examined, such as infrared thermography or moisture meters.

• Non-Drying (Non-Curing): Sealants or compounds that remain pliable and do not harden completely, allowing for movement and easy removal.

• Non-Fibered Aluminum Roof Coating: A reflective roof coating without reinforcing fibers, used to protect and extend the life of metal and other roof types.

• Non-Sag: A characteristic of sealants or adhesives that allows them to stay in place without dripping or flowing when applied to vertical or overhead surfaces.

• Non-Skinning: Sealants that remain tacky on the surface, ensuring continuous adhesion without forming a dry skin.

• Non-Staining: Materials formulated to prevent discoloration or staining of adjacent surfaces, important in sealants used with porous substrates.

• Non-Veneer Panel: Engineered wood panels, like oriented strand board (OSB), that do not have a traditional veneer finish.

• Nonfibered Roof and Foundation Coating: A liquid asphalt coating without fibers, used to waterproof and protect roofing materials and foundations.

• Normal Slope Application: Roofing installation techniques suitable for roofs with a slope between 4:12 and 21:12, following standard practices.

• Nosing: The projecting edge of a stair tread that extends beyond the riser, often rounded for safety and aesthetics.

• Notch: A cut or indentation made in a structural member to allow it to fit around another element or to accommodate utilities, which must be done carefully to maintain structural integrity.

• Note: A legal document acknowledging a debt and promising repayment, often used in financing agreements like mortgages.

• Nozzle: An attachment at the end of a hose or pipe that controls the flow or direction of a fluid being discharged.

• Nuclear Meter: A device that uses radioactive sources to measure the density and moisture content of construction materials like soil or asphalt.

O

• O-Ring: A circular gasket made of elastomer material used to create a seal between two joined components, preventing leaks in plumbing and mechanical systems.

• O.G. (or Ogee): A molding profile characterized by an S-shaped curve, commonly used in trim and architectural details.

• Oakum: Loose fiber material, traditionally made from hemp or jute, used to seal joints in plumbing pipes, especially cast iron, before applying molten lead.

• OD (Outside Diameter): The measurement of the outer width of a cylindrical object, such as a pipe or tube, crucial for selecting compatible fittings.

• Offset: A bend in a pipe or duct that allows it to change direction without the need for an elbow fitting, or the lateral distance between two aligned elements.

• Ohm's Law: A fundamental principle of electricity stating that current (I) equals voltage (V) divided by resistance (R), expressed as I = V/R.

• Ohmmeter: An instrument used to measure electrical resistance in a circuit or component, aiding in troubleshooting electrical issues.

• Oil-Canning: A visible distortion or waviness in flat metal surfaces, such as siding or roofing panels, caused by thermal expansion or improper installation.

• On Center (O.C.): A measurement indicating the distance between the centers of two structural members, such as studs or joists, commonly 16 or 24 inches.

• Open Hole Inspection: An examination of the foundation excavation by a building inspector before footings are poured, ensuring soil conditions are suitable.

• Open Valley: A roofing method where valley flashing is left exposed, and shingles are trimmed along the valley edges, allowing water to flow freely down the metal.

• Organic: Materials derived from living organisms; in roofing, it refers to felt made from cellulose fibers used as a base for asphalt shingles.

• Organic Felt: Roofing underlayment made from organic fibers saturated with asphalt, providing a layer of moisture protection under shingles.

• Oriented Strand Board (OSB, Chip Board, Wafer Board): An engineered wood panel made from compressed wood strands bonded with adhesive, used for sheathing and subflooring.

• Outrigger: A structural beam extending outward from a main frame to support an overhanging structure like a balcony or eave.

• Overhang: The portion of the roof or upper story that extends beyond the exterior walls, providing protection from the weather.

• Oxidize: A chemical reaction where a material combines with oxygen, often leading to corrosion or rust in metals.

P

• P Trap: A curved section of drainpipe that holds water to prevent sewer gases from entering the building through fixtures like sinks and toilets.

• Pad Out, Pack Out: Adding material to a wall or framing member to build it out to a desired thickness or to align surfaces for finishing.

• Padding: Material placed under carpet or other flooring to provide cushioning, insulation, and prolong the life of the floor covering.

• Paint: A pigmented liquid applied to surfaces in thin layers that dries to form a protective and decorative coating.

• Pallets: Portable platforms used to stack, store, and transport materials, often made of wood or plastic.

• Panel: A flat, typically rectangular piece of building material used in construction, such as wallboard, door sections, or electrical service panels.

• Parapet Wall: A low wall extending above the roofline, often around flat roofs, serving as a safety barrier and sometimes concealing rooftop equipment.

• Parge Coat: A thin layer of mortar applied over masonry or concrete surfaces to smooth and seal them, often used on foundation walls.

• Parking Strip: The area between the sidewalk and the curb, sometimes landscaped, also known as the parkway or boulevard strip.

• Parting Stop or Strip: A thin strip of wood or molding used in window frames to hold sash components in place or to separate them.

• Partition: An interior non-load-bearing wall that divides spaces within a building.

• Patterned Glass: Glass with an embossed or textured surface to diffuse light and provide privacy, used in windows, doors, and decorative features.

• Paver Stones: Flat stones or blocks used for exterior flooring applications like walkways, patios, and driveways.

• Payment Schedule: A detailed plan outlining the amounts and timing of payments to a contractor based on project milestones or completion percentages.

• Pedestal Lavatory: A bathroom sink mounted on a pedestal that conceals the plumbing, offering a classic appearance without cabinetry.

• Penalty Clause: A provision in a contract that imposes a penalty on a party for failing to meet specified terms, such as project delays.

• Penny: A unit of measure for nail length, abbreviated with a "d" (e.g., 16d nails are 3.5 inches long).

• Penthouse: A structure on the roof of a building, often housing mechanical equipment or used as an exclusive living space.

• Percolation Test (Perc Test): An assessment of soil's ability to absorb water, used to determine the suitability for septic system drain fields.

• Performance and Payment Bond: A surety bond posted by a contractor to guarantee completion of the project and payment to subcontractors and suppliers.

• Performance Bond: A bond issued to one party of a contract as a guarantee against the failure of the other party to meet obligations specified in the contract.

• Perimeter Drain: A drainage system installed around the foundation of a building to collect and redirect groundwater away, preventing basement or crawl space flooding.

• Perlite: A lightweight, expanded volcanic glass used as insulation in masonry construction and as an aggregate in lightweight concrete.

• Perm: A unit measuring a material's ability to allow water vapor to pass through it. Lower perm ratings indicate better resistance to moisture transmission.

• Permanent Set: The amount of deformation that remains in a material after the removal of a load or stress, potentially indicating damage or loss of elasticity.

• Permit: An official authorization issued by a local government allowing construction, renovation, or demolition activities to proceed in compliance with building codes.

• Photo-Oxidation: The degradation of materials caused by exposure to light and oxygen, leading to fading, brittleness, or loss of strength in substances like plastics and paints.

• Pier: A vertical support structure, typically made of concrete, masonry, or wood, that transfers loads from beams or girders down to the footing or foundation.

• Pier Block: A precast concrete block designed to serve as a footing for posts in structures like decks, sheds, or porches, simplifying foundation construction.

• Pigment: Finely ground particles added to paint or coatings to provide color, opacity, and protection against ultraviolet light.

• Pigtails, Electrical: Short lengths of wire connected to electrical devices or fixtures, allowing for safe and secure connections to the main wiring system using wire nuts.

• Pilot Hole: A small, preliminary hole drilled into material to guide the insertion of a larger drill bit or screw, reducing the risk of splitting or misalignment.

• Pilot Light: A small, continuously burning flame in gas appliances that ignites the main burner when the appliance is turned on.

• Pitch: The angle or steepness of a roof, typically expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run (e.g., a 6:12 pitch rises 6 inches for every 12 inches of run).

• Pitch Pan or Pitch Pocket: A metal container installed around roof penetrations (like pipes or conduits) filled with sealant to waterproof areas where standard flashing cannot be used.

• Pith: The soft, central core of a tree trunk or branch, often less structurally sound and more prone to shrinkage or decay in lumber.

• PITI: An acronym for Principal, Interest, Taxes, and Insurance—the four components that make up a typical monthly mortgage payment.

• Plan Submittal: The process of providing detailed construction plans to local authorities for review and approval before receiving a building permit.

• Plans: Architectural or engineering drawings that detail the design, layout, and specifications of a building or renovation project.

• Plaster Grounds: Strips of wood or metal set to the desired thickness of plaster, serving as guides for plasterers to achieve a level and even surface.

• Plastic Roof Cement: A pliable, asphalt-based compound used to repair leaks and seal joints in roofing materials, providing a waterproof barrier.

• Plat: A map or chart of a land area showing property divisions, boundaries, streets, and easements, often used in real estate transactions.

• Plate: A horizontal structural member in framing; the top plate sits atop wall studs supporting the roof, while the bottom plate (or sole plate) anchors the wall to the floor or foundation.

• Plate Line: The horizontal line formed by the top of the exterior walls, indicating where the roof structure begins.

• Platform Framing (Platform Construction): A building method where each floor is constructed as a separate unit, with walls erected on top of the subfloor, common in residential construction.

• Plenum (or Plenum Chamber): An air distribution space within HVAC systems, typically between a dropped ceiling and the structural ceiling, used for circulating heated or cooled air.

• Plot Plan: A drawing depicting the layout of a property, including structures, boundaries, driveways, and landscaping features, used for planning and permit applications.

• Plough: A groove cut into a piece of wood along its length, similar to a dado but typically deeper, used to accept another piece of wood.

• Plumb: Exactly vertical or perpendicular to level ground; ensuring that structural elements like walls and columns are plumb is crucial for stability.

• Plumb Bob: A weighted tool suspended from a string used to establish a true vertical line during construction or surveying tasks.

• Plumbing Boots: Flexible, weatherproof flashings installed around roof penetrations such as vent pipes to prevent water leaks.

• Plumbing Ground: The practice of electrically grounding metal plumbing pipes to reduce the risk of shock and to comply with electrical codes.

• Plumbing Jacks: Protective flashings that seal around plumbing vent pipes on roofs, preventing moisture intrusion.

• Plumbing Rough: The initial phase of plumbing installation where pipes and fittings are placed before walls and floors are closed up, without fixtures attached.

• Plumbing Stack: A main vertical pipe in a drainage system that carries waste water to the sewer line and vents sewer gases to the outside.

• Plumbing Trim: The final installation of plumbing fixtures and appliances, such as sinks, faucets, toilets, and showerheads, after walls and floors are finished.

• Plumbing Waste Line: Pipes that carry used water and sewage from fixtures to the sewer or septic system.

• Ply: A single layer in a multilayered material, such as layers in plywood or roofing membranes.

• Ply Sheet: A layer of roofing felt or membrane used in built-up roofing systems to enhance waterproofing and durability.

• Plywood: An engineered wood product made by gluing together thin layers of wood veneer with grains at right angles, resulting in strong, stable panels.

• Pocket (Channel): A recess or groove designed to receive and hold a sliding component, like a pocket door that slides into a wall cavity.

• Point Load: A concentrated load applied at a specific point on a structural element, requiring proper support to prevent structural failure.

• Pointing: The process of applying mortar to the joints between bricks or stones in masonry work to seal and finish the surface.

• Polished Wired Glass: Glass containing an embedded wire mesh for safety and fire resistance, polished for clarity, commonly used in fire-rated windows and doors.

• Polymer: A substance made of large, repeating molecular chains, used in construction materials like plastics, sealants, and adhesives for enhanced performance.

• Polysulfide Sealant: A durable, flexible sealant resistant to chemicals and weathering, used for sealing joints in structures exposed to harsh conditions.

• Polyurethane Sealant: A versatile sealant known for strong adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to moisture and UV light, suitable for various construction applications.

• Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): A durable plastic material used in plumbing pipes, electrical conduits, and siding due to its resistance to corrosion and chemicals.

• Ponding: The accumulation of standing water on flat or low-slope roofs due to inadequate drainage, which can lead to leaks and structural damage.

• Pop Rivets: Fasteners used to join thin pieces of material when access is only available from one side, installed using a rivet gun.

• Pop-Out: A small cavity or void on a concrete surface caused by the expansion of aggregate particles, leading to cosmetic defects.

• Pores: Tiny openings in materials that can absorb liquids or gases, affecting properties like strength, durability, and susceptibility to mold.

• Porosity: The measure of how porous a material is, indicating its capacity to absorb fluids, which can impact its performance and durability.

• Portland Cement: A common type of cement used as a basic ingredient in concrete, mortar, and grout, known for its strength and setting properties.

• Post: A vertical structural element that supports loads from beams or other structural members, essential in framing and decking.

• Post & Beam Construction: A building method using heavy timber posts and beams to create the structural framework, allowing for large open spaces without interior load-bearing walls.

• Post-And-Beam: Similar to post & beam construction; a structural system where vertical posts support horizontal beams, transferring loads to the foundation.

• Pot-Life: The usable time after mixing a two-part product like epoxy or adhesive before it hardens and becomes unworkable.

• Potable: Water that is safe for human consumption, free from harmful contaminants and pathogens.

• Powder Coat: A dry finishing process where a powder is electrostatically applied to a surface and then cured under heat, forming a hard, durable finish.

• Power: The rate at which electrical energy is used or generated, measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW), important for sizing electrical systems.

• Power Vent: A mechanical device that uses a fan to improve the venting of exhaust gases from appliances like furnaces or water heaters.

• Pre-Shimmed Tape Sealant: A sealant tape with built-in spacers that ensure a consistent gap between materials while providing an effective seal.

• Precast: Concrete elements that are cast and cured in a controlled environment before being transported to the construction site for installation.

• Premium: An additional cost or fee; in insurance, the payment made to maintain coverage; in construction, may refer to higher-grade materials.

• Preservative: A chemical treatment applied to wood or other materials to protect against decay, insects, and fungal growth.

• Pressure Tank: A tank in a well water system that stores water under pressure, reducing pump cycling and maintaining consistent water flow.

• Pressure-Reducing Valve: A device that lowers incoming water pressure from the main supply to a safe level suitable for household plumbing systems.

• Pressure-Relief Valve: A safety mechanism that releases excess pressure from a system, such as a water heater, to prevent potential damage or explosions.

• Pressure-Treated Lumber: Wood that has been chemically treated under pressure to resist rot, decay, and insect infestation, ideal for outdoor use.

• Primer: A preparatory coating applied to surfaces before painting to improve adhesion, seal the material, and enhance the finish.

• Priming: The act of applying primer to a surface to prepare it for the application of paint or other finish coatings.

• Principal: The original sum of money borrowed in a loan, excluding interest and other charges.

• Projection: Any part of a structure that extends outward, such as eaves, balconies, or bay windows.

• Property Survey: A precise measurement and mapping of a property's boundaries and features, often required for legal or construction purposes.

• Protection Board: A durable material placed over waterproofing membranes to protect them from damage during backfilling or construction activities.

• Pump Mix: A specially designed concrete mix optimized for pumping through hoses to reach areas not easily accessible by traditional pouring methods.

• Punch List: A document listing work items that need to be completed or corrected before final project acceptance.

• Punch Out: The process of completing all items on a punch list to finalize a construction project.

• Purlins: Horizontal structural members in a roof that support the loads from the roof decking or sheathing, running perpendicular to rafters.

• Push Stick: A safety tool used in woodworking to guide materials through cutting equipment, keeping hands at a safe distance from blades.

• Putty: A malleable substance used to seal glass panes into window frames or to fill small holes and imperfections before painting.

• PVC or CPVC (PolyVinyl Chloride): PVC is commonly used for cold water pipes and drain lines; CPVC is chlorinated PVC suitable for hot and cold potable water supply due to its higher temperature resistance.

• PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition): A coating process that deposits thin, durable films onto surfaces like metal hardware, enhancing corrosion resistance and appearance.

• PVDF: Polyvinylidene fluoride; a highly durable plastic used in coatings for metal roofing and siding, offering excellent resistance to weathering and fading.

Q

• Quarry Tile: Durable, unglazed ceramic tiles made from natural clays, often used in commercial kitchens and high-traffic areas due to their slip resistance.

• Quarter Round: A convex molding with a quarter-circle profile, used to trim interior corners or cover gaps between flooring and baseboards.

• Quartersawn Grain: Lumber cut radially to the tree's growth rings, producing a straight grain pattern that minimizes warping and enhances stability.

• Quick-Setting Cement: Cement formulated to set and gain strength rapidly, ideal for repairs or projects requiring quick turnaround times.

• Quote or Quotation: A formal estimate provided by a contractor or supplier detailing the expected costs for services or materials.

R

• R-Value: A numerical measure of a material's resistance to heat flow; higher R-values indicate better insulating properties, crucial for energy efficiency.

• Rabbet: A rectangular recess or groove cut along the edge or end of a piece of wood, allowing another piece to fit snugly, forming a joint.

• Radial Saw: A type of power saw with a circular blade mounted on a sliding arm, capable of performing precise crosscuts, rip cuts, and angled cuts.

• Radiant Heating: A heating system that warms a space by emitting infrared radiation from heated surfaces like floors, walls, or ceilings.

• Radiation: The transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves without the need for a physical medium; in buildings, sunlight is a common source.

• Radiator: A heating device that transfers thermal energy from hot water or steam to the air in a room, typically part of a central heating system.

• Radon: A naturally occurring radioactive gas that can seep into buildings from the soil, posing health risks if accumulated in high concentrations.

• Radon System: A mitigation system designed to reduce indoor radon levels by venting the gas from beneath the building to the outside atmosphere.

• Rafter: A sloping structural beam that extends from the ridge or hip of the roof down to the wall plate, supporting the roof deck and its loads.

• Rafter Tail: The portion of a rafter that extends beyond the exterior wall to form the eave or overhang of a roof.

• Hip Rafter: A diagonal rafter at the external junction of two roof slopes, running from the ridge to the corner of the building.

• Valley Rafter: A diagonal rafter placed at the internal intersection where two roof slopes meet, extending from the ridge down to the eaves.

• Raggle Block: A specially designed masonry block with a groove to receive flashing, ensuring a watertight joint between the roof and a vertical surface.

• Rail: A horizontal component in structures like fences, stairs, or window sashes, providing support and connection between vertical elements.

• Railroad Tie: A rectangular timber or concrete element traditionally used to support railroad tracks, sometimes repurposed in landscaping or retaining walls.

• Rake: The inclined edge of a sloped roof at the end wall of a building, extending from the eave to the ridge.

• Rake Edge: The sloped edge along a gable end of a roof, often finished with trim to protect and seal the roof structure.

• Rake Fascia: The vertical trim board installed along the rake edge, covering the ends of the roof's rafters for protection and aesthetics.

• Rake Siding: Siding installed along the rake of a roof, cut to match the roof's slope to ensure proper fit and weatherproofing.

• Ranch: A style of single-story house characterized by a long, low profile and simple, open floor plan.

• Random-Tab Shingles: Roofing shingles designed with tabs of varying widths and lengths to create a more textured and natural appearance.

• Rankin: A temperature scale similar to Kelvin but using Fahrenheit degrees; not commonly used in residential inspections.

• Raw Linseed Oil: A natural oil derived from flax seeds, used as a wood preservative and finish that dries slowly compared to processed oils.

• Ready Mixed Concrete: Concrete that is mixed at a batching plant and delivered to the construction site ready for pouring.

• Rebar: Steel reinforcing bars placed in concrete to enhance its tensile strength and structural integrity.

• Receptacle: An electrical outlet where plugs for appliances and devices are inserted to receive power.

• Recording Fee: A fee charged by local government to officially record documents like deeds or mortgages in public records.

• Redline, Red-Lined Prints: Construction drawings that have been marked with revisions or corrections, typically in red ink.

• Reducer: A fitting used in plumbing or electrical conduit to connect pipes or tubes of different diameters.

• Reflective Glass: Glass treated with a reflective coating to reduce solar heat gain and glare, improving energy efficiency.

• Reflective Insulation: Insulation material with a reflective surface that reduces heat transfer by reflecting radiant heat.

• Refrigerant: A substance used in cooling systems, such as air conditioners, that absorbs heat when it changes from liquid to gas.

• Register: A grill covering an air duct opening through which heated or cooled air is distributed into a room.

• Reglaze: The process of replacing or repairing glass panes in windows or doors, including the application of new glazing compound.

• Reglet: A slot or groove in a wall or mortar joint designed to receive flashing, providing a secure and watertight connection.

• Reinforced Concrete: Concrete that is strengthened with embedded steel bars or mesh to improve its ability to carry loads.

• Reinforced Masonry: Masonry walls that incorporate steel reinforcement to enhance structural strength and resist lateral forces.

• Reinforcing: The addition of materials like steel rebar to concrete or masonry to increase its load-bearing capacity.

• Relative Heat Gain: An assessment of how much heat a window allows into a building, considering both solar heat and heat conducted through the glass.

• Relative Humidity: The amount of moisture in the air compared to the maximum it can hold at a given temperature, expressed as a percentage.

• Release Tape: A protective strip applied over sealant or adhesive to prevent it from sticking to unintended surfaces during installation.

• Remote: Referring to devices or controls operated from a distance, such as remote-controlled thermostats or lighting systems.

• Resilient Flooring: Flexible floor coverings like vinyl or linoleum that provide a cushioned surface and are resistant to wear.

• Resistance: In electrical terms, the opposition to the flow of current, measured in ohms; in materials, the ability to withstand external forces.

• Resorcinol Glue: A strong, waterproof adhesive used for bonding wood in exterior or high-moisture applications.

• Retaining Wall: A structure built to hold back soil or rock from a building or structure, preventing erosion and providing support.

• Retentions: Funds withheld from payment to a contractor until work is satisfactorily completed, ensuring contractual obligations are met.

• Return: In HVAC systems, the ductwork that carries air from the conditioned space back to the heating or cooling equipment.

• Ribbon (or Girt): A horizontal board recessed into wall studs to support floor joists, commonly used in balloon framing.

• Ridge: The highest point on a roof where two opposing roof planes meet, often covered with ridge caps or vents.

• Ridge Board: A horizontal board at the apex of a roof to which the upper ends of rafters are attached.

• Ridge Cut: The angled cut at the top end of a rafter that fits against the ridge board in roof framing.

• Ridgeboards: Multiple ridge boards used in complex roof structures to support the meeting point of rafters.

• Rigid Metal Conduit: Thick-walled metal tubing used to protect and route electrical wiring, providing mechanical protection and grounding.

• Rise: The vertical height of a stair step or the vertical component of a roof's slope.

• Riser: The vertical portion of a stair between two treads or a vertical pipe supplying fluid in plumbing systems.

• Road Base: A layer of aggregate material laid down for the foundation of roads, driveways, or slabs to ensure stability.

• Rock 1, 2, 3: Classifications of crushed stone or gravel by size, used in construction for different purposes based on particle size.

• Roll Roofing: A roofing material consisting of long sheets of asphalt-coated felt used on low-slope roofs.

• Roll, Rolling: The action of smoothing or compacting materials, such as using a roller to flatten surfaces during installation.

• Romex: A brand name commonly used for non-metallic sheathed electrical cable used in residential wiring.

• Roof Deck: The surface, typically made of wood or metal, to which roofing materials are applied.

• Roof Sheathing: Panels or boards fastened to the roof rafters that provide a base for roofing materials.

• Roof System: The combination of all components that make up the roof, including framing, underlayment, and covering materials.

• Roofing Tape: A self-adhesive tape used to seal joints and seams in roofing materials to prevent leaks.

• Root Cellar: An underground storage area used to keep vegetables and fruits fresh by maintaining a cool, consistent temperature.

• Rough: The initial construction phase before finishing materials are applied, such as rough framing or rough-in plumbing.

• Rough Flooring: The subfloor layer installed over joists, serving as the foundation for the finished floor surface.

• Rough Opening: The framed opening in a wall where a window or door will be installed, sized larger to allow for adjustments.

• Rough Plumbing: The phase of plumbing installation where pipes are placed but fixtures are not yet connected.

• RPM: Revolutions per minute; a measure of how many times an object rotates around its axis in one minute.

• Rubber Emulsion Paint: A flexible, water-based paint containing rubber particles, offering durability and water resistance.

• Rubber-Tired Roller: Construction equipment with rubber wheels used for compacting soil or asphalt surfaces.

• Run (Roofing): The horizontal distance covered by one rafter or the horizontal depth of a stair tread.

S

• Saber Saw: A handheld power saw with a reciprocating blade, used for cutting curves and intricate shapes in materials.

• Sack Mix: A term for concrete specified by the number of bags of cement per cubic yard, affecting its strength and properties.

• Saddle: A small roof structure that diverts water around an obstruction like a chimney, preventing water accumulation.

• Sales Contract: A legal agreement outlining the terms and conditions under which a property will be sold.

• Sand Float Finish: A textured plaster or stucco surface achieved by using a float tool with sand to create a uniform appearance.

• Sanitary Sewer: A system of underground pipes that transport wastewater from buildings to treatment facilities.

• Sanitary T: A T-shaped plumbing fitting with a curved inlet designed to connect horizontal and vertical drain pipes smoothly.

• Sapwood: The younger, outer layers of a tree's wood, often lighter in color and less decay-resistant than heartwood.

• Sash: The movable part of a window that holds the glass panes and can be opened or closed.

• Sash Balance: A device, such as a spring or weight system, that assists in the raising and lowering of a window sash.

• Saturant: A substance used to impregnate materials like roofing felts to enhance their waterproofing qualities.

• Saturated Felt: Roofing felt that has been infused with asphalt, making it resistant to water penetration.

• SBS-Modified: Roofing materials modified with Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene polymers for enhanced flexibility and performance.

• Scale: A proportion used in architectural drawings to represent dimensions; also, mineral deposits inside pipes.

• Schedule (Window, Door, Mirror): A detailed list in construction documents specifying sizes, types, and locations of openings and fixtures.

• Scrap Out: The cleanup process after rough construction work, removing debris and preparing for finishing stages.

• Scratch Coat: The first layer of plaster or stucco applied over lath, scored to provide a key for the next coat.

• Screed or Screeding: The process of leveling concrete or plaster using a straightedge to remove excess material.

• Scribing: Marking and cutting a material to fit precisely against an irregular surface or shape.

• Scrim: A reinforcing mesh embedded in materials like plaster or roofing membranes to add strength.

• Scupper: An opening in a wall or parapet that allows water to drain from a flat roof.

• Scutch: A tool with replaceable blades used by masons to dress and shape stone or brick surfaces.

• Sealant: A flexible material used to close gaps and prevent the passage of air, water, or other substances.

• Sealer: A protective coating applied to surfaces to prevent absorption of moisture or contaminants.

• Seasoning: The process of drying lumber to reduce its moisture content before use in construction.

• Seat: The surface within a valve or faucet against which a moving component presses to create a seal.

• Self Rimming: A sink or fixture with an integral rim that rests on the countertop, simplifying installation.

• Self-Healing: Materials capable of sealing minor damage on their own, maintaining their protective properties.

• Self-Leveling: Describes compounds that spread out evenly without troweling, creating a flat surface.

• Selvage: The edge of roll roofing material designed to be overlapped and sealed during installation.

• Semigloss (Paint or Enamel): A paint finish with moderate sheen, offering durability and ease of cleaning.

• Separation: A physical gap or space between building components, which can be intentional or due to movement.

• Service Conductor: The main wires that deliver electricity from the utility provider to a building's electrical system.

• Service Drop: The overhead wires connecting the utility pole to a building's weatherhead for electrical service.

• Setback Thermostat: A programmable thermostat that adjusts temperatures automatically to conserve energy.

• Setting Blocks: Supports placed under glass panes in frames to ensure proper spacing and support.

• Settlement: The gradual sinking of a building's foundation, which can cause structural issues if uneven.

• Sewage Ejector: A pump used to move wastewater from lower levels up to the main sewer line when gravity flow isn't possible.

• Sewer Lateral: The pipe that connects a building's plumbing to the municipal sewer main.

• Sewer Stub: A capped pipe extending from the main sewer line, intended for future connection to a property.

• Sewer Tap: The physical connection point where a building's sewer line joins the municipal sewer system.

• Shading: The use of design elements or devices to block direct sunlight, reducing heat gain in a building.

• Shading Coefficient: A measure of a window's ability to transmit solar heat compared to clear glass; lower values indicate better shading.

• Shake: A wooden shingle split from a log, providing a rustic roofing material; also, a wood defect with separation along the grain.

• Sheathing: The boards or panels that cover framing members, forming the surface for exterior cladding or roofing materials.

• Sheathing Paper: A protective layer installed over wall sheathing to prevent moisture infiltration while allowing vapor to escape.

• Shed Roof: A roof with a single sloping plane, often used for additions or porches.

• Sheet Metal Duct Work: Air ducts fabricated from sheet metal, used in HVAC systems to distribute air.

• Sheet Metal Work: The craft of forming and installing metal components like flashing, gutters, and ducts.

• Sheetrock: A brand name commonly used to refer to drywall or gypsum wallboard used for interior walls and ceilings.

• Shelf-Life: The period during which a product remains usable and retains its intended properties when stored properly.

• Shellac: A natural resin used as a protective wood finish or as a primer to seal knots before painting.

• Shingles: Overlapping roofing elements made from materials like asphalt, wood, or slate, providing weather protection.

• Shiplap Lumber: Boards with rabbeted edges that overlap when installed, creating a tight seal against weather.

• Shore "A" Hardness: A scale measuring the hardness of flexible materials like rubber; used to specify sealant properties.

• Shoring: Temporary supports used during construction to stabilize structures or excavations.

• Short Circuit: An unintended electrical connection allowing current to travel along an unintended path, potentially causing damage.

• Shutoff Valve: A valve that stops the flow of water or gas, allowing for maintenance or emergency shutdown.

• Shutter: A hinged panel attached beside a window, serving decorative or protective purposes.

• Side Sewer: The pipe connecting a building's plumbing system to the public sewer main.

• Siding: Material applied to the exterior walls of a building to protect against weather and enhance appearance.

• Sight Line: The direct line of vision from a viewer's eye to a particular point in the building, important in design considerations.

• Silicone Sealant: A flexible, waterproof sealant resistant to temperature extremes and weathering, used for joints and gaps.

• Sill: The lowest horizontal member of a window or door frame, supporting the frame and shedding water.

• Sill Cock: An outdoor faucet attached to the sill of a building, providing access to water outside.

• Sill Plate: The bottom horizontal member of a wall frame that rests on the foundation, anchoring the structure.

• Sill Seal: A compressible material placed between the foundation and sill plate to seal gaps and prevent air infiltration.

• Sill Sealer: Another term for sill seal; it improves energy efficiency by filling irregularities between the sill plate and foundation.

• Sill Step: A step formed at the base of an exterior door or window, providing a threshold and helping to prevent water intrusion while facilitating entry.

• Single Coverage: A roofing application where materials like shingles are installed in a single layer, offering one layer of protection against the elements.

• Single Family Dwelling (SFD): A standalone residential building designed to house one family, with its own independent utilities and entrances.

• Single Ply: A roofing system consisting of a single layer of membrane material, such as EPDM or TPO, used on flat or low-slope roofs for waterproofing.

• Single Tee: A precast concrete structural element shaped like the letter "T," used in construction to support floors and roofs over large spans.

• Skip Sheathing: Roof decking made of spaced boards, leaving gaps between them, traditionally used under wood shingles or shakes to allow ventilation.

• Sky Dome: A dome-shaped skylight installed on a roof to admit natural light into the interior spaces below.

• Skylight: An opening in the roof fitted with transparent or translucent glazing to allow daylight into the building.

• Slab on Grade: A type of foundation where a concrete slab is poured directly at ground level, serving as both the floor and foundation of a building.

• Slab, Concrete: A flat, horizontal surface of poured concrete used for floors, foundations, or other structural elements.

• Slab, Door: A door without hardware or framing, essentially just the door panel itself, used when replacing doors while keeping existing frames.

• Slag: A byproduct of metal smelting, often used as an aggregate in concrete or as a component in roofing materials for added durability.

• Sleeper: A strip of material laid over a concrete slab to which flooring is attached, creating a space between the slab and the finished floor.

• Sleeve(s): Tubes installed in walls, floors, or slabs to allow pipes, cables, or ducts to pass through, protecting them and simplifying future access.

• Slope: The incline or pitch of a roof or surface, expressed as a ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run.

• Sloped Glazing: Glass installed at an angle, such as in skylights or sloped windows, requiring specific considerations for drainage and support.

• Sludge: Semi-solid waste that accumulates in septic tanks or treatment systems, needing periodic removal to maintain functionality.

• Slump: A measure of the consistency of fresh concrete, indicating its workability, determined by the slump test.

• Slump-Test: A field test where concrete's slump is measured by how much it subsides after a cone-shaped mold is removed, assessing its consistency.

• Smooth-Surfaced Roofing: Roofing materials with a smooth finish, lacking granules or texture, such as certain built-up roofing systems.

• Soffit: The underside of a roof overhang or other architectural feature, often vented to allow airflow into the attic.

• Softening Point: The temperature at which a material becomes pliable, important for substances like asphalt used in roofing.

• Soil Cover (Ground Cover): Vegetation or materials placed over soil to prevent erosion, retain moisture, and enhance landscaping aesthetics.

• Soil Stack: The main vertical pipe in a plumbing system that carries sewage and wastewater to the building drain or sewer.

• Sole Plate: The bottom horizontal framing member of a wall, resting on the floor or foundation and supporting the wall studs.

• Solid Bridging: Short pieces of lumber installed between joists or rafters to prevent twisting and to distribute loads evenly.

• Sonotube: A brand name for cylindrical cardboard forms used to mold concrete into round columns or footings.

• Sound Attenuation: Methods or materials used to reduce sound transmission between spaces, enhancing acoustic privacy.

• Space Heat: Heating provided directly to a specific area or room, as opposed to central heating systems.

• Spacers (Shims): Thin pieces used to fill gaps or adjust alignment between building components during installation.

• Spalling: The chipping or flaking of concrete or masonry surfaces due to freeze-thaw cycles or corrosion.

• Span: The horizontal distance between two supports in a structure, such as beams or trusses.

• Spandrel: The area between the top of one window and the bottom of the window above, often used in curtain wall construction.

• Spec Home: A house built by a developer without a specific buyer, based on market trends and expectations.

• Specialty Eaves Flashing Membrane: A waterproof membrane applied along eaves and valleys to prevent water intrusion from ice dams or heavy rain.

• Specification: Detailed written instructions in construction documents outlining materials, workmanship, and standards for a project.

• Splash Block: A device placed beneath downspouts to direct water away from the foundation, preventing erosion.

• Splitting: The separation of wood fibers along the grain, often due to drying or stress.

• Spud: A tool used to remove old roofing materials or gravel from a roof surface during reroofing.

• Square: A unit of measure equal to 100 square feet, commonly used to quantify roofing materials.

• Square Foot: A unit of area measurement equal to a square measuring one foot on each side.

• Squeegee: A tool with a flat rubber blade used to spread coatings or remove liquids from surfaces.

• Stack: A vertical pipe in a plumbing system that carries waste or vents gases.

• Stack Vent: The extension of a soil stack above the highest drain, allowing sewer gases to escape and air to enter the system.

• Stain: A discoloration on a surface or a pigmented substance used to color wood while allowing the grain to show.

• Stair Carriage: The supporting framework of a staircase, including stringers that hold the treads and risers.

• Standard Practices of the Trade(s): Accepted methods and procedures commonly used by professionals within a specific trade.

• Standing Seam: A metal roofing system with raised seams that interlock, providing a watertight seal.

• Static Load: The constant weight applied to a structure from permanent components like building materials.

• Static Vent: A non-motorized roof vent that allows hot air to escape from the attic through natural convection.

• STC (Sound Transmission Class): A rating that measures a material's or assembly's ability to reduce sound transmission; higher numbers indicate better soundproofing.

• Steel Inspection: The examination of steel components in construction to ensure compliance with design specifications and safety standards.

• Steel Trowel: A finishing tool used to smooth concrete surfaces, providing a hard, dense finish.

• Stem: In plumbing, the part of a faucet that controls water flow when the handle is turned.

• Stem Assembly: The collection of internal parts in a faucet, including the stem, washers, and seals.

• Step Crack: A stair-step pattern crack in masonry walls, often indicating differential settlement.

• Step Flashing: Flashing pieces installed in layers where a sloped roof meets a vertical wall, directing water away from the joint.

• Stick Built: A construction method where the building is assembled on-site from individual pieces of lumber.

• Stile: The vertical side components of a door or window sash.

• STL (Sound Transmission Loss): A measurement of how much sound is reduced as it passes through a material or assembly.

• Stool: The interior ledge or shelf at the bottom of a window, often extending beyond the casing.

• Stop: A molding or strip on a door or window frame that prevents the door or sash from swinging or sliding past the frame.

• Stop Box: An access point, typically near the property line, housing the shutoff valve for the water service line.

• Stop Order: A directive to halt construction work due to code violations or unsafe conditions until corrective actions are taken.

• Storm Door: An additional outer door installed to protect against weather and improve energy efficiency.

• Storm Sash or Storm Window: A secondary window installed over the primary window to enhance insulation and protect against weather.

• Storm Sewer: A drainage system designed to carry rainwater and surface runoff directly to waterways, separate from the sanitary sewer.

• Storm Window: See Storm Sash.

• Story: A level of a building between two floors or between a floor and the roof.

• Straight Stop: A plumbing valve with aligned inlet and outlet used to shut off water supply to fixtures.

• Strain: Deformation in a material resulting from applied stress.

• Striking Off: Leveling concrete to a specified height by removing excess material with a straightedge.

• String (or Stringer): The structural member supporting the treads and risers in a staircase.

• String Line: A taut line used as a reference for alignment in construction tasks.

• Strip Flooring: Narrow boards used for flooring, typically installed with tongue-and-groove joints.

• Structural Floor: A floor designed to carry loads, forming part of the building's structural system.

• Structural Silicone Glazing: Attaching glass to a building frame using silicone sealant as the structural adhesive.

• Stub: A short length of pipe extending from a fitting, ready for future connection.

• Stucco: An exterior finish composed of cement, sand, and lime applied over lath or mesh.

• Stud: A vertical framing member in walls to which sheathing and drywall are attached.

• Stud Framing: Building walls using vertical studs spaced at regular intervals.

• Stud Shoe: A metal bracket reinforcing a stud that has been notched or drilled, maintaining structural integrity.

• Sub-Rough: Initial plumbing work completed before pouring concrete or finishing walls.

• Subcontractor: A specialist hired by the general contractor to perform specific tasks within a construction project.

• Subfloor: The structural layer beneath the finished flooring, attached to floor joists.

• Substrate: The underlying material or surface to which a finish is applied.

• Sump: A pit designed to collect unwanted water, typically in basements or crawl spaces.

• Sump Pump: A pump installed in a sump to remove accumulated water, preventing flooding.

• Suspended Ceiling: A secondary ceiling hung below the main structural ceiling to conceal utilities.

• Sway Brace: A structural component that resists lateral forces, enhancing stability.

• Switch: An electrical device used to control the flow of electricity in a circuit.

T

• T Bar: A metal framing component used in suspended ceilings to support ceiling tiles.

• Tab: The visible portion of a shingle that is exposed after installation, often shaped for aesthetic design.

• Tail Beam: A short beam or joist that supports the end of a floor or roof structure, anchored at one end.

• Tailpiece: The vertical pipe connecting a sink drain to the trap in plumbing systems.

• Take Off: The process of calculating material quantities needed for a construction project from plans and specifications.

• Taping: Applying joint tape and compound over drywall seams and corners to create a smooth surface.

• Tear-Off: Removing existing roofing materials down to the deck before installing new roofing.

• Teco: A commonly used brand name for metal connectors or brackets in framing, such as joist hangers or hurricane ties, that join wood members securely.

• Tee: A plumbing fitting shaped like the letter "T," allowing three sections of pipe to connect, enabling fluid flow in multiple directions.

• Tempered: Describes glass that has been heat-treated for increased strength and safety; it breaks into small, less sharp pieces when shattered.

• Termite Shield: A metal barrier installed between a building's foundation and wooden components to prevent termites from accessing and damaging the wood.

• Termites: Wood-destroying insects that consume cellulose, posing significant risks to the structural integrity of wooden buildings.

• Terneplate: Sheet steel coated with an alloy of lead and tin, used in roofing and flashing for its corrosion resistance.

• Terracotta: A clay-based ceramic material used for tiles, roofing, and decorative elements, known for its durability and natural reddish hue.

• Texture Paint: Paint that contains additives to create a textured surface, used to conceal imperfections or add visual interest to walls and ceilings.

• Thermal Insulation: Materials installed to reduce heat transfer in walls, ceilings, and floors, enhancing energy efficiency and indoor comfort.

• Thermal Movement: Expansion or contraction of building materials due to temperature changes, which can impact structural components.

• Thermal Shock: Stress caused to materials by rapid temperature changes, potentially leading to cracking or failure, especially in glass.

• Thermopane Window: A window consisting of two or more panes of glass with a sealed air space between them, improving insulation.

• Thermoplastic Material: Plastics that become pliable when heated and solidify upon cooling, used in various building products like piping.

• Thermoply™: A brand of structural sheathing panels made from laminated layers, offering strength, moisture resistance, and insulation.

• Thermostat: A device that regulates temperature by controlling heating or cooling systems to maintain a desired indoor climate.

• Thermostatic Valve: A valve that automatically mixes hot and cold water to maintain a consistent outlet temperature, enhancing safety.

• Three-Dimensional Shingles: Roofing shingles with multiple layers creating a textured, dimensional appearance; also known as architectural shingles.

• Three-Phase: An electrical power system with three alternating currents, commonly used in commercial settings for efficient operation of large equipment.

• Threshold: The horizontal component at the bottom of a doorway, providing a transition between spaces and helping to seal against weather.

• Thru-Wall Flashing: A waterproof barrier installed within wall assemblies to redirect moisture to the exterior, preventing water intrusion.

• THW: A type of thermoplastic insulated wire suitable for wet or dry locations, used in building electrical systems.

• Tie-In: The connection point where new construction or systems integrate with existing structures, such as extending plumbing lines.

• Tilt-Up Wall: A construction technique where concrete wall panels are cast on-site and then tilted into their vertical position.

• Timbers: Large dimensional lumber used in heavy framing applications like beams or posts in post-and-beam construction.

• Time and Materials Contract: An agreement where the client pays for actual labor hours and materials used, rather than a fixed project price.

• Tinner: A tradesperson specializing in the fabrication and installation of sheet metal components, such as ductwork and flashing.

• Tinted Glass: Glass treated with colorants to reduce solar heat gain and glare, improving energy efficiency and occupant comfort.

• Tip Up: Another term for tilt-up construction; refers to walls or panels that are cast horizontally and then raised into place.

• Title: Legal documentation establishing ownership of a property, essential for real estate transactions.

• Title 24: A section of the California Code of Regulations that sets energy efficiency standards for residential and non-residential buildings.

• TJI or TJ: Trus Joist I-Joist; an engineered wood product shaped like an "I," used for floor and roof joists due to its strength and stability.

• Toe Bead: A sealant bead applied at the base of glazing to prevent water and air infiltration between the glass and frame.

• Toe-Nailing: A method of joining two pieces of wood by driving nails at an angle through the face of one board into the end of another.

• Tongue and Groove: A method of fitting similar objects together edge to edge, used mainly with wood flooring and paneling.

• Tooling: The process of finishing a sealant or mortar joint with a tool to ensure proper shape and adhesion.

• Top Chord: The uppermost member of a truss that experiences compressive forces, forming the top outline of the truss.

• Top Mopping: The final application of hot asphalt in built-up roofing, creating a smooth surface or embedding gravel.

• Top Mount Faucet: A faucet installed from above the sink or countertop, with mounting hardware accessible from underneath.

• Top Plate: The horizontal member at the top of a wall frame that supports the ceiling joists or rafters above.

• Torch Down Roof (Single Ply or Modified Bitumen): A roofing system where membranes are adhered using heat from a torch for a waterproof seal.

• Torching: The process of applying heat with a torch to roofing materials to adhere them during installation.

• Transit: A surveying instrument used to measure horizontal and vertical angles, essential for accurate building layout.

• Transmitter (Garage Door): A remote control device that sends signals to open or close an automatic garage door.

• Trap: A curved section of plumbing pipe designed to hold water, preventing sewer gases from entering the building through fixtures.

• Tread: The horizontal part of a stair on which one steps, providing the surface area for foot traffic.

• Treated Lumber: Wood that has been chemically treated to resist decay, insects, and moisture, suitable for outdoor use.

• Tremie: A method or device for placing concrete underwater or into deep forms without segregation.

• Trim: Finish materials installed around openings or at the junction of surfaces for decorative and functional purposes.

• Trim (Exterior): Exterior finish components like fascia, soffits, and window casings that protect and embellish the building's exterior.

• Trim (Interior): Interior finish elements such as baseboards, crown molding, and door casings that enhance aesthetics.

• Trim (Plumbing, Heating, Electrical): The final visible components of these systems, including fixtures like faucets, switches, and vents.

• Trim Kit: A set of decorative pieces used to complete the installation of plumbing fixtures, covering rough-in components.

• Trimmer: A framing member that supports openings in floors or roofs, reinforcing areas around stairways or chimneys.

• Triple-Glazed Window: A window with three panes of glass, offering enhanced thermal insulation and energy efficiency.

• Truss: A structural framework of triangles used to support roofs or floors over wide spans efficiently.

• Tub Trap: A plumbing fixture beneath a bathtub that holds water to prevent sewer gases from entering the bathroom.

• Tube and Knob Wiring: An obsolete electrical wiring method using ceramic knobs and tubes, common in homes built before the 1950s.

• Tuck-Pointing: The process of removing deteriorated mortar joints in masonry and replacing them with new mortar.

• Turnkey: A project completed in its entirety by the contractor, ready for immediate use by the owner without additional work.

• Turpentine: A solvent derived from pine resin, used for thinning oil-based paints and cleaning brushes.

• TW: A type of thermoplastic insulated electrical wire suitable for use in wet or dry locations.

• Two-Part Sealant: A sealant composed of two components that are mixed before application, curing to form a durable seal.

U

• U-Value: A measure of how well a building element conducts heat; lower U-values indicate better insulation properties.

• U.L. (Underwriters Laboratories): An organization that tests and certifies products for safety, including electrical components.

• Ultraviolet: Invisible rays from the sun that can cause degradation of materials like paint, plastics, and roofing.

• Ultraviolet Degradation: The deterioration of materials due to prolonged exposure to UV radiation, leading to fading and weakening.

• Undercoat: A primer layer applied before the finish coat of paint to improve adhesion and coverage.

• Undercounter: Appliances or fixtures designed to fit beneath a countertop, such as dishwashers or beverage coolers.

• Underground Plumbing: Plumbing components installed below ground level, including main water lines and sewer pipes.

• Underlayment: A material placed between the structural deck and the finished floor or roof to provide a smooth base and additional protection.

• Union: A plumbing fitting that joins two pipes but allows them to be disconnected without cutting.

• Union Nut: The threaded ring on a union fitting that tightens to create a leak-proof connection.

• Uprights: Vertical structural members like studs or columns that support loads in a building.

• Utility Easement: A legal right for utility companies to access and use a portion of a property for installing and maintaining utility lines.

• UV Rays: Ultraviolet rays from the sun that can harm materials and pose health risks like skin damage.

V

• Vacuum Breaker: A device that prevents backflow in plumbing systems by allowing air into the line, protecting potable water supplies.

• Valley: The internal angle formed where two sloping roof surfaces meet, directing water off the roof.

• Valley Rafter: A diagonal rafter that supports the intersection where two roof slopes meet in a valley.

• Valley Shield: Protective material installed in roof valleys to prevent water penetration, such as metal flashing.

• Valuation: The process of determining a property's market value, often conducted by a professional appraiser.

• Valuation Fee: The charge for conducting a property appraisal to establish its value.

• Valve: A device in plumbing systems that regulates the flow of liquids or gases by opening, closing, or partially obstructing passageways.

• Vapor: The gaseous form of substances that are liquid or solid under normal conditions, like water vapor.

• Vapor Barrier: A material that resists moisture diffusion through walls, ceilings, or floors, preventing condensation.

• Vapor Retarder: A material that slows down moisture movement but is not completely impermeable, used in building assemblies.

• Variable Rate: An interest rate that can change over time based on market conditions, affecting loan payments.

• Varnish: A transparent protective finish applied to wood, providing a hard, glossy surface.

• Vehicle: In paint, the liquid component that carries pigments and binders, which evaporates as the paint dries.

• Veining: Natural patterns in stone or wood resembling veins, adding aesthetic appeal to surfaces.

• Veneer: A thin layer of material applied over a substrate for a finished appearance, like brick veneer on walls.

• Vent: An opening or device that allows air circulation or the escape of gases from a building or system.

• Vent Pipe: A vertical pipe that allows air into a plumbing system and vents sewer gases to the outside.

• Vent Stack: The main vent pipe in a plumbing system, extending through the roof to release sewer gases.

• Vent System: The network of vent pipes that allows air flow in plumbing systems to ensure proper drainage and prevent siphoning.

• Ventilator: A device that moves air in and out of a space, improving ventilation and air quality.

• Venting: The process of providing pathways for air or gases to move, preventing moisture buildup and maintaining pressure balance.

V

• Vermiculite: A lightweight mineral used as insulation in attics and walls; it can pose health risks if it contains asbestos, so inspectors should check for its presence and proper handling.

• Vertical: Refers to structural elements oriented upright, perpendicular to the horizontal plane, such as walls and columns; crucial for assessing alignment and load distribution.

• Veterans Administration (VA): A U.S. government agency providing home loan guarantees for veterans; properties financed through VA loans may have specific inspection requirements.

• Viscosity: The thickness or resistance to flow of a liquid; in construction, it relates to the application properties of paints, sealants, and adhesives.

• Visible Light Transmittance: The percentage of visible light that passes through a window or glazing material, impacting indoor lighting and energy efficiency.

• Visqueen: A brand name commonly used for polyethylene plastic sheeting, utilized as a vapor barrier or moisture barrier in construction projects.

• Visual Mock-Up: A full-scale sample or section of a building component created to evaluate materials, workmanship, and appearance before full installation.

• Vitreous China: A type of glazed ceramic material used for plumbing fixtures like toilets and sinks, known for its durability and smooth, non-porous surface.

• Void: An empty space or gap within a material or structure, such as an air pocket in concrete, which can affect structural integrity.

• Volatile Thinner: A solvent that evaporates quickly, used to thin paints or clean equipment; improper use can lead to fumes and potential fire hazards.

• Voltage: The electrical potential difference between two points, measured in volts; essential for ensuring electrical systems operate safely and efficiently.

• Voltmeter: An instrument used to measure voltage in an electrical circuit, helping inspectors verify proper electrical function and troubleshoot issues.

W

• Wafer Board: An engineered wood product similar to particleboard, made from compressed wood wafers bonded with resin, used for sheathing and subflooring.

• Walk-Through: A final inspection conducted before closing or project completion, allowing clients to confirm that work meets agreed-upon standards.

• Walkways: Paths designed for foot traffic around a property; inspectors check for safety hazards like cracks, uneven surfaces, or obstructions.

• Wall Out: The process of adjusting wall framing to ensure it is straight and plumb, important for the proper installation of finishes.

• Wane: The presence of bark or missing wood along the edge of a lumber piece, which can affect its structural strength and appearance.

• Warping: The distortion or bending of wood or materials due to moisture changes, heat, or stress, potentially impacting functionality and aesthetics.

• Warrantee: A guarantee provided by manufacturers or contractors covering defects in materials or workmanship for a specified period.

• Waste and Overflow: A plumbing assembly for bathtubs and sinks that prevents overfilling by allowing excess water to drain away safely.

• Waste Pipe and Vent: Pipes that carry wastewater out of a building and vent sewer gases to the outside, essential for proper drainage and sanitation.

• Water Board: A moisture-resistant gypsum board used in areas exposed to dampness, such as bathrooms and kitchens.

• Water Closet: Another term for a toilet or a room containing a toilet; often abbreviated as "WC" on floor plans.

• Water Meter Pit (or Vault): An underground enclosure housing the water meter, allowing access for readings and maintenance without entering the building.

• Water Repellent Coating: A surface treatment applied to materials like wood or masonry to prevent water absorption and reduce weathering.

• Water Repellent Preservative: A chemical treatment that protects wood from moisture, decay, and insect damage by repelling water and sealing the surface.

• Water Table: The level below ground where the soil is saturated with water; important for foundation design and drainage considerations.

• Water Tap: The physical connection point where a property's water supply links to the municipal water system.

• Water Vapor: The gaseous form of water present in the air; excessive levels can lead to condensation and mold growth in buildings.

• Water-Cement Ratio: The ratio of water to cement in a concrete mix; critical for determining the strength and durability of the finished concrete.

• Waterproofing: Methods or materials used to prevent water penetration into a structure, protecting foundations, basements, and other vulnerable areas.

• Wattage: A measure of electrical power expressed in watts; inspectors assess wattage to ensure electrical systems can handle the load safely.

• Wax Ring Job: The installation or replacement of the wax ring seal beneath a toilet to prevent leaks and sewer gas odors.

• WC: Abbreviation for Water Closet; refers to a toilet or a room containing a toilet.

• Weatherization: The process of modifying a building to reduce energy consumption and improve comfort, including sealing drafts and adding insulation.

• Weatherstrip: Materials applied around doors and windows to seal gaps, preventing air infiltration and improving energy efficiency.

• Weep Hole: Small openings in walls or windows designed to allow moisture to escape from behind cladding or glazing.

• Weep Screed: A component at the base of exterior stucco walls that allows moisture to drain out, preventing water accumulation within the wall system.

• Weld: A joint formed by fusing metal parts together using heat; welds should be inspected for strength and proper execution.

• Well Casing: A tubular structure placed in a drilled well to maintain the opening and prevent contaminants from entering the water supply.

• Well Casing Head: The top component of a well casing that seals the well and provides a connection point for pumps and piping.

• Well House: A small structure built over a well to protect pumping equipment and controls from weather and unauthorized access.

• Wet or Dry Surface Plastic Roof Cement: A sealant used for repairing leaks on roofs, effective on both wet and dry surfaces.

• Wet Seal: A glazing method where liquid sealants are used to secure glass panes, providing a weather-tight barrier.

• Whole House Fan: A large fan installed in the attic that pulls cool outside air through open windows and exhausts hot air out, aiding in ventilation.

• Widespread: A type of faucet with separate hot and cold handles mounted apart, typically used on sinks with three holes.

• Wind Bracing: Structural supports installed to resist wind forces, preventing lateral movement and enhancing building stability.

• Wind Uplift: The upward force exerted by wind on roofing materials; proper installation and fastening are essential to prevent damage.

• Window Buck: A rough frame placed in a wall opening to hold a window unit, ensuring proper alignment and support.

• Window Frame: The fixed outer structure that holds the window sash or glass in place within a wall opening.

• Window Sash: The movable or fixed frame that holds the glass panes of a window, which can be operable or stationary.

• Wire Nut: A twist-on connector used to join electrical wires securely within junction boxes.

• Wire Size: The gauge or thickness of electrical wire, determining its current-carrying capacity and appropriate applications.

• Wonderboard™: A brand of cement-based backer board used as a substrate for tile installations in wet areas like showers and countertops.

• Wood Filler: A substance used to fill holes, cracks, or imperfections in wood surfaces before finishing or painting.

• Wood Rays: Natural features in wood that extend radially from the center of the tree, affecting grain patterns and structural properties.

• Wood-Fiber Plaster: Plaster that incorporates wood fibers to increase strength and reduce cracking in wall and ceiling finishes.

• Work-Life: The period during which a prepared material, like mixed epoxy or sealant, remains usable before it begins to set or harden.

• Woven Valley: A roofing technique where shingles from intersecting roof planes are interlaced in the valley area for continuous coverage.

• Wrapped Drywall: Drywall finishing method where the drywall is wrapped around corners or beams, eliminating the need for corner bead and providing a seamless look.

Y

• Y: A plumbing fitting shaped like the letter "Y," used to connect branches of drain pipes at a gentle angle to improve flow.

• Yard Lumber: Standard lumber used in general construction, typically available in various grades and sizes for framing and other structural purposes.

• Yard of Concrete: A cubic yard measurement (27 cubic feet) used when ordering concrete; it's the standard unit for concrete volume.

• Yoke: A fitting or assembly that connects components in plumbing or electrical systems; in plumbing, it may refer to a support for pipes.

Z

• Z-bar Flashing: A Z-shaped piece of metal flashing installed between horizontal siding joints or above windows and doors to prevent water intrusion.

• Zone: An area within a building designated for separate temperature control in HVAC systems, allowing for personalized comfort settings.

• Zone Valve: A valve in a heating system that controls the flow of hot water or steam to different zones, enabling independent temperature regulation.

• Zoning: Local government regulations that dictate how property in specific geographic zones can be used, affecting construction and property value.